Vol 49, No 3 (2004)

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Issues related with rubella,measles and epidemic parotiditis in the Russian Fedeationr

Abstract

Measles, rubella and epidemic parotitis are classified as controllable infections with vaccination of children being the key method of preventing them. Live mono-vaccines and combined vaccines against measles and epidemic parotitis have been developed and successfully used in our country; research work on creating preparations against rubella has been underway. The vaccine-based prevention of the above viral infections is shown to be amost active, safe, effective and cost-saving method preventing them. There is also described in the paper an analysis of the morbidity rate due to measles, rubella and epidemic parotitis in the territory of the Russian Federation and elucidated the resolved and yet unsettled issues related with the vaccine-based prevention of the above widespread and highly contagious infections of today.
Problems of Virology. 2004;49(3):8-12
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Peculiarities of influenza viruses which preconditioned the epidemic risein Russia in 2002-2003. A resumed circulation of influeza viruses similar to B/Victoria/2/87

Abstract

According to research, the epidemic rise of influenza was preconditioned, during 2002-2003, in Russia by the circulation of influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and В viruses. The Center of Influenza Ecology and Epidemiology undertook a study of 178 epidemic strains: 41 strains A(H1N1), 116 strains A(H3N2) and 21 strains of influenza В were among them. All strains were isolated in the MDCK cell culture. A simultaneous isolation in embryonated eggs as well as changing of the isolation system from MDCK to embryonated eggs were found to be effective only for influenza A(H1N1) viruses. According to the antigenic analysis, all A(H1N1) viruses were variants of the etalon A/New Caledonia/20/99. The A(H3N2) viral strains' population was heterogeneous by its antigenic properties: among its isolates, there were variants similar to the etaions of A/Moscow/10/99 and of A/Panama/200/99 as well as strains, which weakly reacted with sera of both above etaions; possibly the latter were close to the etalon of A/Fujian/411/02. All epidemic strains of influenza В virus belonged, according to the antigenic properties of hemagglutinin, to the virus group of B/Victoria/2/87-like and were antigenic variants of the etalon of B/Hong Kong/22/01. This confirmed that influenza В viruses with the antigenic hemagglutinin structure of the virus group of B/Victoria/ 2/87-like, which were not present in Russia for more than 10 years, reentered the active circulation. An analysis of antigenic properties of neuraminidases (NA) of the mentioned epidemic strains showed their different degrees of relationship with the NA etaions of both evolutionary groups, i.e. B/Victoria/2/87 and B/Yamagata/16/88-like. A study of paired sera obtained from patients showed a growth of antibodies to the etaions of influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and В viruses of the season in question, which confirmed the virology data.
Problems of Virology. 2004;49(3):12-17
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Ecology and evolutionof influenza viruses in Russia (1979-2002)

Abstract

The research results on ecology and evolution of influenza A viruses, which has been conducted by the Center of Ecology and Evolution of Influeza Viruses of Ivanovsky's Institute of Virology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, for more than 30 years, are summarized in the paper. A gene pool of influenza A viruses circulating in Russia's territory was defined. Foci of influenza A viruses were detected in natural biocenosis. Issues conditioned by the population interrelations of influenza viruses, i.e. between the populations of wild and home animals and the populations of people, are also under discussion
Problems of Virology. 2004;49(3):17-25
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Evolution ofthe receptor specificity of influenza viruses hemagglutinin in its transfer from duck to pig and man

Abstract

The receptor properties of Н1 and H2 influenza viruses (IV), isolated from duck, pig and man were studied by using the natural and synthetic sialoglycoconjugates. It was shown that viruses, isolated from different hosts, adapt themselves to the host cell receptors. The IV affinity was increasing to 6'sialy(N-acetyllactosamine) in proportion as amino acids (in positions 138,190,194 and 225), which are for avian IV, were increasingly replacing. Some of the porcine viruses display adaptation to the human receptor, i.e. 6'sialy (N-acety llactosamine), however, all tested porcine influenza viruses, belonging to different evolution branches, acquired even more affinity to sulphated and fucozyled derivatives of 3'sialy(N-acetyllactosamine) - (Neu5ACa2-3gALpi-4(fUCa1-3)(6-sulfo)GlcNAcp).
Problems of Virology. 2004;49(3):25-31
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HIV-infection in Russia: an outlook

Abstract

It is pointed out in the paper that the number of HIV-infected persons is to a great extent understated in Russia. Demographic parameters of sexually-transmitted HIV-infection are briefly forecasted for the country. A variety of scenarios for further epidemic progression are elucidated.
Problems of Virology. 2004;49(3):31-35
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Etiotropic medicinal therapyof viral infections

Abstract

The paper contains a description of modern data on etiotropic therapy (chemotherapy) for widespread and socially-signific ant viral infections, like influenza, acute respiratory lesions, herpes-virus infections, hepatitis, AIDS and other extra dangerous viral infections. The survey focuses on the contribution of Russian researchers to creating antiviral chemopreparations.
Problems of Virology. 2004;49(3):35-40
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Hantaviruses andhantavirus infections

Abstract

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HVRS) has been for decades a topical problem for healthcare systems of many countries in the Eurasian continent. Viruses triggering HVRS alongside with other related viruses (but not pathogenic to man) were discovered in 70-80-ies and formed a new genus Hantavirus of the Bunyaviridae family. The study results of a severe outbreak of the respiratory disease with the mortality rate of 60% (South-West of the USA, 1933) showed that hantaviruses were also among the causative agents. Later, the disease was designated as hantavirus cardio-pulmonary syndrome. By now, it has been established that hantaviruses are widespread with different rodents being their carriers. The discussed viruses cause, in rodents, a chronic asymptomatic infection and are transferred, later, to man by the aerogenic path through excretions of infected animals. Studies of hantaviruses have been restricted for a long time due to their high pathogenicity (protection equipment not below than the P-3 level is needed), because of a lack of a laboratory model of infected animals and because of a low growth in cell cultures. With the rapid development and application of molecular biological techniques of the recent years, substantial progress has been made in studies of hantaviruses. Different aspects of hantavirus ecology, molecular biology, morphology, pathogenesis and diagnostics are discussed in the offered survey.
Problems of Virology. 2004;49(3):40-45
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The specificity of circulation ofWest Nile Virus (Flaviviridae, Flavirus) and of some other arboviruses in the ecosystems of Volga delta, Volga-Akhtuba flood-lands and adjoining arid regions (2000-2002)

Abstract

Comprehensive virological, serological as well as genetic studies of the ecology of West Nile Virus (WNV) as well as of some other arboviruses were undertaken in different ecosystems in the territories of the Astrakhan Region and of the Kalmyk Republic The mam carriers (mosquitoes, ticks, birds and mammals) were defined as involved in the circulation of viruses within the natural and anthropogenic biocenosis. Phylogenetic examinations of isolated strains and samples, which were positive in RT-PCR, showed an absolute predominance of genotype I virus that was most closely related to American and Israeli strains. At the same time, epidemic strains had up to 6% of nucleotide differences versus the historic strains isolated in the same region 20-30 years ago. Besides, the circulation of genotype IV was discovered; it was characterized by a lower pathogenicity, which, possibly, ensures the shaping of a pronounced immune inteiiayer bearing no epidemic consequences. An analysis of the study results on the WNV ecology denotes the epicenter of the endemic territory located in the middle part of the Volga delta.
Problems of Virology. 2004;49(3):45-52
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Detection of West Nile Virusin birds in the territories of the Baraba and Kulundaplains (West Siberian flyway) during summer-autumnof 2002

Abstract

West Nile Virus (WNV) was discovered in 3 species of birds collected in summer-autumn, 2002, in the South of Western Siberia. WNV was identified by ELISA and RT-PCR. Three of 5 dead rooks (Corvus frugilegus), which were found in the territory of the Kulunda plain, were WNV-infected. WNV RNA was detected in 2% of samples of internal organs of aquatics birds, i.e. teal (Anas crecca) and garganey (Anas querquedula), caught in the Chany Lake (Baraba plain). Nucleotide sequencing of the 300-472 aa fragment of WNV protein E gene showed the maximum level of homology with strain WNV/LEIV-Vlg99-27889, which was isolated from a patient in Volgograd (1999). A high homology level of nucleotide sequencing denotes the relationship between the WNV circulating in the Northern Caspian Region and in the South of Western Siberia.
Problems of Virology. 2004;49(3):52-60
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Analysis of genome determinants of virulence and setting-up of a library of full-size genome copies of the attenuated virus strain of the porcine reproductive andrespiratory syndrome virus (North American type)

Abstract

Primary genome structures of 3 variants of the NADC-8 North American virulent strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) were compared for the purpose of detecting any potential genetic virulence determinants of genus Arterivirus. Apart from the virulent variant, we also investigated the attenuated variant, obtained after 251 passages in cell culture, and the intermediate variant isolated from a pig after a partial reversion of the attenuated virus. The attenuated variant genome acquired a 3-nucleotide deletion and 50 mutations versus its virulent precursor. A comparison of the attenuated and intermediary virus variants denoted 8 nucleotide mutations entailing substitutions of 6 amino acids in 3 open reading frames (ORF1a, ORF1b and ORF6). A 32-clone library was constructed in the pACYC177 plasm id vector, which comprised full-size copies of the genome of the NADC-8 attenuated variant strain (251), virus PPCC, for the purpose of experimentally verifying the functional role of the obtained mutations. Full-size analogues (+-chain of RNA) of the viral genome, comprising the CAP-structures and polyadenylated ones were obtained in vitro on the basis of the cloned DNA. Seven of the 8 analyzed clones of the viral genome were infected and their insertion into the MARC-145 cell resulted in obtaining of infectious PRRSVs. Four of the constructed recombinant viruses had delayed growth parameters, and 3 of them were similar to the parental strain. The described technology (inverse genetics) would make it possible to introduce changes into the viral genome in applied and fundamental research of Arteriviruses.
Problems of Virology. 2004;49(3):60-64
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