<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">665</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-149</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Adjuvant effect of dispersed fullerene C60 on the immune response to constructs harboring amino acid and nucleotide sequences of hepatitis C virus nonstructural NS5B protein</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Адъювантное действие дисперсного фуллерена С60 на иммунный ответ против конструкций, имитирующих аминокислотные и нуклеотидные последовательности неструктурного белка NS5B вируса гепатита С</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5571-5669</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7210-0870</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Masalova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масалова</surname><given-names>Ольга Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Leading Researcher, Head of the Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, ведущий научный сотр., зав. лаб.</p></bio><email>ol.mas@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2801-6843</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9901-8607</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lesnova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леснова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотр.</p></bio><email>wolf252006@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8297-579X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2542-5260</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreev</surname><given-names>Sergey M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреев</surname><given-names>Сергей Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Head of the Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук, зав. лаб.</p></bio><email>sm.andreevj@nrcii.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6444-6499</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7555-5925</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shershakova</surname><given-names>Nadezhda N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шершакова</surname><given-names>Надежда Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Head of the Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, зав. лаб.</p></bio><email>nn.shershakova@nrcii.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-4824</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6821-2115</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>Вячеслав Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотр.</p></bio><email>hyperslava@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-4416</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6220-3425</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Permyakova</surname><given-names>Kristina Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пермякова</surname><given-names>Кристина Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Senior Lecturer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>мл. науч. сотр., ст. преподаватель кафедры иммунологии и биотехнологии</p></bio><email>kristusha164@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1961-9789</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8759-0277</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Demidova</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демидова</surname><given-names>Наталья Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотр.</p></bio><email>ailande@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0365-570X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3492-4501</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valuev-Elliston</surname><given-names>Vladimir T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валуев-Эллистон</surname><given-names>Владимир Треворович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, научный сотр.</p></bio><email>gansfaust@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">1006824</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Turetskiy</surname><given-names>Evgeny A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Турецкий</surname><given-names>Евгений Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. фарм. наук, мл. науч. сотр.</p></bio><email>ea.turetskiy@nrcii.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5659-9679</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5776-5496</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Александр Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Leading Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>aivanov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6226-7251</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6679-1727</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaeva</surname><given-names>Tatyana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Head of the Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, зав. лаб.</p></bio><email>tatyananik.55@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3199-9803</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khaitov</surname><given-names>Musa R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хаитов</surname><given-names>Муса Рахимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>RAS Corr. Member, Professor, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>член-корр. РАН, д-р мед. наук, проф., директор</p></bio><email>mr.khaitov@nrcii.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5266-9783</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5736-5260</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pronin</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пронин</surname><given-names>Александр Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, проф., директор, зам. директора </p></bio><email>proninalexander@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3396-5533</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6964-1715</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kushch</surname><given-names>Alla A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кущ</surname><given-names>Алла Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Leading Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, проф., ведущий научный сотр.</p></bio><email>vitallku@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Gamaleya NRC of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Государственный научный центр «Институт иммунологии» ФМБА России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology — MVA by K.I. Skryabin»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Московская государственная академия ветеринарной медицины и биотехнологии – МВА имени К.И. Скрябина» Министерства сельского хозяйства Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт молекулярной биологии имени В.А. Энгельгардта» Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>67</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>516</fpage><lpage>526</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-12-26"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Masalova O.V., Lesnova E.I., Andreev S.M., Shershakova N.N., Kozlov V.V., Permyakova K.Y., Demidova N.A., Valuev-Elliston V.T., Turetskiy E.A., Ivanov A.V., Nikolaeva T.N., Khaitov M.R., Pronin A.V., Kushch A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Масалова О.В., Леснова Е.И., Андреев С.М., Шершакова Н.Н., Козлов В.В., Пермякова К.Ю., Демидова Н.А., Валуев-Эллистон В.Т., Турецкий Е.А., Иванов А.В., Николаева Т.Н., Хаитов М.Р., Пронин А.В., Кущ А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Masalova O.V., Lesnova E.I., Andreev S.M., Shershakova N.N., Kozlov V.V., Permyakova K.Y., Demidova N.A., Valuev-Elliston V.T., Turetskiy E.A., Ivanov A.V., Nikolaeva T.N., Khaitov M.R., Pronin A.V., Kushch A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Масалова О.В., Леснова Е.И., Андреев С.М., Шершакова Н.Н., Козлов В.В., Пермякова К.Ю., Демидова Н.А., Валуев-Эллистон В.Т., Турецкий Е.А., Иванов А.В., Николаева Т.Н., Хаитов М.Р., Пронин А.В., Кущ А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/665">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/665</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>A vaccine against hepatitis C has not yet been developed. Recombinant proteins and plasmids encoding hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins, the components of candidate vaccines, induce a weak immune response and require the use of adjuvants.</p> <p><bold>The aim of the work </bold>was to study the adjuvant action of an aqueous solution of fullerene C<sub>60</sub> during immunization of mice with HCV recombinant protein NS5B (rNS5B) that is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, or with NS5B-encoding pcNS5B plasmid.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>An aqueous solution of dispersed fullerene (dnC<sub>60</sub>) was obtained by ultrafiltration. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with rNS5B subcutaneously, pcNS5B – intramuscularly mixed with different doses of dnC<sub>60</sub> three times, then the humoral and cellular response to HCV was evaluated.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>Mice immunization with rNS5B in a mixture with dnC<sub>60</sub> at doses of 2–50 µg/mouse significantly induced humoral response: a dose-dependent increase in IgG1 antibody titers was 7–20 times higher than in the absence of fullerene. There was no increase in the cellular response to rNS5B when administered with dnC<sub>60</sub>. The humoral response to DNA immunization was weak in mice of all groups receiving pcNS5B. The cellular response was suppressed when the plasmid was injected in a mixture with dnC<sub>60</sub>.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions. </bold>Dispersed fullerene dnC<sub>60</sub> is a promising adjuvant for increasing the immunostimulating activity of weakly immunogenic proteins including surface and other HCV proteins, important for a protective response. Further research is needed to enhance the ability of dnC<sub>60</sub> to boost the cellular immune response to the components of the candidate vaccine.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Вакцина против гепатита С пока не разработана. Рекомбинантные белки и плазмиды, кодирующие белки вируса гепатита С (ВГС), – компоненты кандидатных вакцин – индуцируют слабый иммунный ответ и требуют использования адъювантов.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> <bold>работы</bold> – изучить адъювантную способность водного раствора фуллерена С<sub>60</sub> при иммунизации мышей рекомбинантным белком NS5B (rNS5B) ВГС – РНК-зависимой РНК-полимеразой, а также плазмидой pcNS5B, экспрессирующей этот белок.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Водный раствор дисперсного фуллерена (dnC<sub>60</sub>) получен методом ультрафильтрации. Мышей C57BL/6 иммунизировали rNS5B подкожно, pcNS5B – внутримышечно в смеси с разными дозами dnC<sub>60</sub> трёхкратно, затем оценивали гуморальный и клеточный ответ на ВГС.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Показано, что иммунизация мышей rNS5B в смеси с dnC<sub>60</sub> в дозах 2–50 мкг/мышь приводила к значительной индукции гуморального ответа: дозозависимый прирост титров антител IgG1 был в 7–20 раз выше. Усиления клеточного ответа к rNS5B при введении с dnC<sub>60</sub> не наблюдалось: продукция IFN-γ лимфоцитами, стимулированными <italic>in vitro</italic>, не увеличивалась; антитела изотипа IgG2a – маркера Th1 звена иммунного ответа – не обнаруживались. Гуморальный ответ на ДНК-иммунизацию был слабым у мышей всех групп, получавших pcNS5B. Клеточный ответ при введении плазмиды в смеси с dnC<sub>60</sub> подавлялся. Показана обратная зависимость индекса стимуляции пролиферации лимфоцитов в ответ на специфические стимуляторы <italic>in vitro</italic> от дозы dnC<sub>60</sub>, снижение количества клеток, синтезирующих IFN-γ, в реакции ELISpot, сокращение популяции CD8<sup>+</sup>-лимфоцитов.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Дисперсный фуллерен dnC<sub>60</sub> представляется весьма обещающим адъювантом для повышения иммуностимулирующей активности слабоиммуногенных белков, к которым относятся белки ВГС, включая поверхностные, важные для протективного ответа. Для повышения способности dnC<sub>60</sub> усиливать клеточный иммунный ответ на компоненты кандидатной вакцины необходимы дальнейшие исследования.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hepatitis C virus</kwd><kwd>nonstructural NS5B protein</kwd><kwd>DNA immunization</kwd><kwd>fullerene C60</kwd><kwd>adjuvants</kwd><kwd>immune response</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус гепатита С</kwd><kwd>неструктурный белок NS5B</kwd><kwd>ДНК-иммунизация</kwd><kwd>фуллерен С60</kwd><kwd>адъюванты</kwd><kwd>иммунный ответ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный бюджет</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The state budget</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Dustin L.B. Innate and adaptive immune responses in chronic HCV infection. Curr. Drug Targets. 2017; 18(7): 826–43. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389450116666150825110532.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Pawlotsky J.M. Hepatitis C virus: standard-of-care treatment. Adv. Pharmacol. 2013; 67: 169–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405880-4.00005-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Spearman C.W., Dusheiko G.M., Hellard M., Sonderup M. Hepatitis C. Lancet. 2019; 394(10207): 1451–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32320-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Osuch S., Metzner K.J., Caraballo Cortes K. Reversal of T cell exhaustion in chronic HCV infection. Viruses. 2020; 12(8): 799. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12080799</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Telatin V., Nicoli F., Frasson C., Menegotto N., Barbaro F., Castelli E., et al. In chronic hepatitis C infection, myeloid-derived suppressor cell accumulation and T cell dysfunctions revert partially and late after successful direct-acting antiviral treatment. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2019; 9: 190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00190</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Elmasry S., Wadhwa S., Bang B.R., Cook L., Chopra S., Kanel G., et al. Detection of occult hepatitis C virus infection in patients who achieved a sustained virologic response to direct-acting antiviral agents for recurrent infection after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology. 2017; 152(3): 550-53.e8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.11.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Wang Y., Rao H., Chi X., Li B., Liu H., Wu L., et al. Detection of residual HCV-RNA in patients who have achieved sustained virological response is associated with persistent histological abnormality. EBioMedicine. 2019; 46: 227–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.043</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Holmes J.A., Yu M.L., Chung R.T. Hepatitis B reactivation during or after direct acting antiviral therapy – implication for susceptible individuals. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 2017; 16(6): 651–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2017.1325869</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Ghweil A.A., Helal M.M. Reactivation of herpesvirus in patients with hepatitis C treated with direct-acting antiviral agents. Infect. Drug Resist. 2019; 12: 759–62. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S184598</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Verma R., Khanna P., Chawla S. Hepatitis C vaccine. Need of the hour. Hum. Vacc. Immunother. 2014; 10(7): 1927–9. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.29033</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Bailey J.R., Barnes E., Cox A.L. Approaches, progress, and challenges to hepatitis C vaccine development. Gastroenterology. 2019; 156(2): 418–30. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.060</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Ploss A., Kapoor A. Animal models of hepatitis C virus infection. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2020; 10(5): a036970. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a036970</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Ahlén G., Frelin L. Methods to evaluate novel hepatitis C virus vaccines. Methods Mol. Biol. 2016; 1403: 221–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3387-7_11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Andrianov A.K., Fuerst T.R. Immunopotentiating and delivery systems for HCV vaccines. Viruses. 2021; 13(6): 981. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13060981.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Sepulveda-Crespo D., Resino S., Martinez I. Innate immune response against hepatitis C virus: targets for vaccine adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel). 2020; 8(2): 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020313</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Gaur M., Misra C., Yadav A.B., Swaroop S., Maolmhuaidh F.O., Bechelany M., et al. Biomedical applications of carbon nanomaterials: fullerenes, quantum dots, nanotubes, nanofibers, and graphene. Materials (Basel). 2021; 14(20): 5978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14205978</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barzegar A., Naghizadeh E., Zakariazadeh M., Azamat J. Molecular dynamics simulation study of the HIV-1 protease inhibit ion using fullerene and new fullerene derivatives of carbon nanostructures. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2017; 17(7): 633–47. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557516666160609080157</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barzegar A., Naghizadeh E., Zakariazadeh M., Azamat J. Molecular dynamics simulation study of the HIV-1 protease inhibit ion using fullerene and new fullerene derivatives of carbon nanostructures. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2017; 17(7): 633–47. https://doi.org/10.2174/ 1389557516666160609080157</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Hurmach V., Platonov M., Prylutska S., Klestova Z., Cherepanov V., Prylutskyy Y., et al. Anticoronavirus activity of water-soluble pristine C60 fullerenes: in vitro and in silico screenings. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2021; 1352: 159–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85109-5_10.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Klimova R., Andreev S., Momotyuk E., Demidova N., Fedorova N., Chernoryzh Y., et al. Aqueous fullerene C60 solution suppresses herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus infections. Fuller. Nanotub. Carbon Nanostructures. 2019; 28(6): 487–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/1536383x.2019.1706495</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Reina G., Peng S., Jacquemin L., Andrade A.F., Bianco A. Hard nanomaterials in time of viral pandemics. ACS nano. 2020; 14(8): 9364–88. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c04117</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Shershakova N., Baraboshkina E., Andreev S., Purgina D., Struchkova I., Kamyshnikov O., et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of fullerene C60 in a mice model of atopic dermatitis. J. Nanobiotechnology. 2016; 14: 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-016-0159-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Kuznietsova H., Dziubenko N., Hurmach V., Chereschuk I., Motuziuk O., Ogloblya O., et al. Water-soluble pristine C60 fullerenes inhibit liver fibrotic alteration and prevent liver cirrhosis in rats. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2020; 2020: 8061246. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8061246</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Liu J., Feng X., Chen Z., Yang X., Shen Z., Guo M., et al. The adjuvant effect of C60(OH)22 nanoparticles promoting both humoral and cellular immune responses to HCV recombinant proteins. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 2019; 97: 753–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.088</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Xu L., Liu Y., Chen Z., Li W., Liu Y., Wang L., et al. Morphologically virus-like fullerenol nanoparticles act as the dual-functional nanoadjuvant for HIV-1 vaccine. Adv. Mater. 2013; 25: 5928–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201300583</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Andreev S., Purgina D., Bashkatova E., Garshev A., Maerle A., Andreev I., et al. Study of fullerene aqueous dispersion prepared by novel dialysis method: simple way to fullerene aqueous solution. Fuller. Nanotub. Carbon Nanostructures. 2015; 23(9): 792–800. https://doi.org/10.1080/1536383x.2014.998758</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Shershakova N.N., Andreev S.M., Tomchuk A.A., Makarova E.A., Nikonova A.A., Turetskiy E.A., et al. Wound healing activity of aqueous dispersion of fullerene C60 produced by “green technology”. Nanomedicine. 2023; 47: 102619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2022.102619</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Ivanov A.V., Korovina A.N., Tunitskaya V.L., Kostyuk D.A., Rechinsky V.O., Kukhanova M.K., et al. Development of the system ensuring a high-level expression of hepatitis C virus nonstructural NS5B and NS5A proteins. Protein Expr. Purif. 2006; 48(1): 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2006.02.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Himoudi N., Abraham J.D., Fournillier A., Lone Y.C., Joubert A., Op De Beeck A., et al. Comparative vaccine studies in HLA-A2.1-transgenic mice reveal a clustered organization of epitopes presented in hepatitis C virus natural infection. J. Virol. 2002; 76(24): 12735–46. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.24.12735-12746.2002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Ikram A., Zaheer T., Awan F.M., Obaid A., Naz A., Hanif R., et al. Exploring NS3/4A, NS5A and NS5B proteins to design conserved subunit multi-epitope vaccine against HCV utilizing immunoinformatics approaches. Sci. Rep. 2018; 8(1): 16107. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34254-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Nitschke K., Barriga A., Schmidt J., Timm J., Viazov S., Kuntzen T., et al. HLA-B*27 subtype specificity determines targeting and viral evolution of a hepatitis C virus-specific CD8+ T cell epitope. J. Hepatol. 2014; 60(1): 22–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.08.009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Tan A.C., Eriksson E.M., Kedzierska K., Deliyannis G., Valkenburg S.A., Zeng W., et al. Polyfunctional CD8(+) T cells are associated with the vaccination-induced control of a novel recombinant influenza virus expressing an HCV epitope. Antiviral Res. 2012; 94(2): 168–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.03.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Vertuani S., Bazzaro M., Gualandi G., Micheletti F., Marastoni M., Fortini C., et al. Effect of interferon-alpha therapy on epitope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in hepatitis C virus-infected individuals. Eur. J. Immunol. 2002; 32(1): 144–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4141(200201)32:1&lt;144::AID-IMMU144&gt;3.0.CO;2-X.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masalova O.V., Lesnova E.I., Ivanov A.V., Pichugin A.V., Permyakova K.Yu., Smirnova O.A., et al. Comparative analysis of the immune response to DNA constructions encoding hepatitis C virus nonstructural proteins. Voprosy virusologii. 2013; 58(2): 21–8. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Масалова О.В., Леснова Е.И., Иванов А.В., Пичугин А.В., Пермякова К.Ю., Смирнова О.А. и др. Сравнительный анализ иммунного ответа на ДНК-конструкции, кодирующие неструктурные белки вируса гепатита С. Вопросы вирусологии. 2013; 58(2): 21–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Ivanov A.V., Smirnova O.A., Ivanova O.N., Masalova O.V., Kochetkov S.N., Isaguliants M.G. Hepatitis C virus proteins activate NRF2/ARE pathway by distinct ROS-dependent and independent mechanisms in HUH7 cells. PLoS One. 2011; 6(9): e24957. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024957</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Rao X., Hoof I., van Baarle D., Kesmir C., Textor J. HLA preferences for conserved epitopes: a potential mechanism for hepatitis C clearance. Front. Immunol. 2015; 6: 552. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00552</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masalova O.V., Shepelev A.V., Atanadze S.N., Parnes Z.N., Romanova V.S., Vol’pina O.M., et al. Immunostimulating effect of water-soluble fullerene derivatives--perspective adjuvants for a new generation of vaccine. Doklady RAN. 1999; 369(3): 411–3. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Масалова О.В., Шепелев А.В., Атанадзе С.Н., Парнес З.Н., Романова В.С., Вольпина О.М. и др. Иммуностимулирующее действие водорастворимых производных фуллерена – перспективных адъювантов для вакцин нового поколения. Доклады РАН. 1999; 369(3): 411–3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shershakova N.N., Baraboshkina E.N., Andreev S.M., Shabanova D.D., Smirnov V.V., Kamyshnikov O.Yu., et al. Fullerene C60 aqueous solution does not show acute toxicity. Immunologiya. 2016; 37(6): 325–9. https://doi.org/10.18821/0206-4952-2016-37-6-325-329 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шершакова Н.Н., Барабошкина Е.Н., Андреев С.М., Шабанова Д.Д., Смирнов В.В., Камышников О.Ю. и др. Отсутствие острой токсичности у водного раствора фуллерена С60. Immunologiya. 2016; 37(6): 325–9. https://doi.org/10.18821/0206-4952-2016-37-6-325-329</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Funakoshi-Tago M., Miyagawa Y., Ueda F., Mashino T., Moriwaki Y., Tago K., et al. A bis-malonic acid fullerene derivative significantly suppressed IL-33-induced IL-6 expression by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2016; 40: 254–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2016.08.031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bashkatova E.N., Andreev S.M., Shershakova N.N., Babakhin A.A., Shilovskiy I.P., Khaitov M.R. Study of modulating effects of fullerene [C60] adducts on the reaction of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Fiziologiya i patologiya immunnoy sistemy. 2012; 16(2): 17–27. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Башкатова Е.Н., Андреев С.М., Шершакова Н.Н., Бабахин А.А., Шиловский И.П., Хаитов М.Р. Изучение модулирующей активности производных фуллерена С60 на реакцию гиперчувствительности замедленного типа. Физиология и патология иммунной системы. 2012; 16(2): 17–27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Yamashita K., Sakai M., Takemoto N., Tsukimoto M., Uchida K., Yajima H., et al. Attenuation of delayed-type hypersensitivity by fullerene treatment. Toxicology. 2009; 261(1-2): 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.034</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
