<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">647</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-141</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic diversity of Siberian bovine coronavirus isolates (Coronaviridae: Coronavirinae: <italic>Betacoronavirus-1: Bovine-Like coronaviruses</italic>)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетический полиморфизм сибирских изолятов коронавируса крупного рогатого скота (Coronaviridae: <italic>Betacoronavirus-1: Bovine-Like coronaviruses</italic>)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2006-0196</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5020-6503</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Glotov</surname><given-names>Alexander G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глотов</surname><given-names>Александр Гаврилович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institute of Experimentally Veterinary Medicine of Siberia and Far East, Doctor of Veterinary Sciences, Professor, Head of Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Институт экспериментальной ветеринарии Сибири и Дальнего Востока, доктор ветеринарных наук, профессор, заведующий лабораторией</p></bio><email>glotov_vet@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4181-4268</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1583-5776</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nefedchenko</surname><given-names>Aleksej V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нефедченко</surname><given-names>Алексей Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institute of Experimentally Veterinary Medicine of Siberia and Far East, Doctor of Veterinary Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Институт экспериментальной ветеринарии Сибири и Дальнего Востока, доктор ветеринарных наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>homeovet@narod.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0426-9678</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4870-9610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yuzhakov</surname><given-names>Anton G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Южаков</surname><given-names>Антон Геннадиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Head of Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией</p></bio><email>anton_oskol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2649-7505</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7545-7206</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koteneva</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котенева</surname><given-names>Светлана Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institute of Experimentally Veterinary Medicine of Siberia and Far East, Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, Leading Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Институт экспериментальной ветеринарии Сибири и Дальнего Востока, кандидат ветеринарных наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>koteneva-sv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3538-8749</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7488-5915</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Glotova</surname><given-names>Tatyana I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глотова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institute of Experimentally Veterinary Medicine of Siberia and Far East, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Principal Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Институт экспериментальной ветеринарии Сибири и Дальнего Востока, доктор биологических наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>t-glotova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7173-5501</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3699-2612</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Komina</surname><given-names>Alina K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комина</surname><given-names>Алина Константиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>graduate student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>komina.a.k@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8148-3080</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnikov</surname><given-names>Nikita Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красников</surname><given-names>Никита Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>graduate student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>nick.krasnickoff2011@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-Biotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Science</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Сибирский федеральный научный центр агробиотехнологий Российской академии наук (СФНЦА РАН)»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary named after K.I. Scriabin and Ya.R. Kovalenko of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Федеральный научный центр Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт экспериментальной ветеринарии им. К.И. Скрябина и Я.Р. Коваленко Российской академии наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>67</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>465</fpage><lpage>474</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-10-02"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Glotov A.G., Nefedchenko A.V., Yuzhakov A.G., Koteneva S.V., Glotova T.I., Komina A.K., Krasnikov N.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Глотов А.Г., Нефедченко А.В., Южаков А.Г., Котенева С.В., Глотова Т.И., Комина А.К., Красников Н.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Glotov A.G., Nefedchenko A.V., Yuzhakov A.G., Koteneva S.V., Glotova T.I., Komina A.K., Krasnikov N.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Глотов А.Г., Нефедченко А.В., Южаков А.Г., Котенева С.В., Глотова Т.И., Комина А.К., Красников Н.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/647">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/647</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Bovine coronaviruses (BCoVs) are causative agents of diarrhea, respiratory diseases in calves and winter cow dysentery. The study of genetic diversity of these viruses is topical issue.</p> <p>The <bold>purpose</bold> of the research is studying the genetic diversity of BCoV isolates circulating among dairy cattle in Siberia.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Specimens used in this study were collected from animals that died or was forcedly slaughtered before the start of the study. The target for amplification were nucleotide sequences of <italic>S</italic> and <italic>N</italic> gene regions.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Based on the results of RT-PCR testing, virus genome was present in 16.3% of samples from calves with diarrheal syndrome and in 9.9% with respiratory syndrome. The nucleotide sequences of <italic>S</italic> gene region were determined for 18 isolates, and <italic>N</italic> gene sequences - for 12 isolates. Based on S gene, isolates were divided into two clades each containing two subclades. First subclade of first clade (European line) included 11 isolates. Second one included classic strains Quebec and Mebus, strains from Europe, USA and Korea, but none of sequences from this study belonged to this subclade. 6 isolates belonged to first subclade of second clade (American-Asian line). Second subclade (mixed line) included one isolate. <italic>N</italic> gene sequences formed two clades, one of them included two subclades. First subclade included 3 isolates (American-Asian line), and second subclade (mixed) included one isolate. Second clade (mixed) included 8 sequences. No differences in phylogenetic grouping between intestinal and respiratory isolates, as well as according to their geographic origin were identified.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The studied population of BCoV isolates is heterogeneous. Nucleotide sequence analysis is a useful tool for studying molecular epidemiology of BCoV. It can be beneficial for choice of vaccines to be used in a particular geographic region.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Коронавирусы крупного рогатого скота (BCoV) – причина диарей, респираторных болезней телят и зимней дизентерии коров. Актуально изучение генетического разнообразия этих вирусов.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы</bold> <bold>–</bold> изучение генетического полиморфизма изолятов BCoV, циркулирующих среди молочного скота в Сибири.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В работе использован биоматериал, взятый у падших или вынужденно забитых животных до начала исследования. Мишень для амплификации – нуклеотидные последовательности участков генов <italic>S</italic> и <italic>N</italic>. Филогенетические дендрограммы строили с использованием метода максимального правдоподобия в программе MEGA 7.0.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> По результатам ОТ-ПЦР геном вируса присутствовал в пробах биоматериала от телят с диарейным (16,3%) и респираторным (9,9%) синдромами. Первичные нуклеотидные последовательности участка гена <italic>S</italic> определили для 18, а гена <italic>N</italic> – для 12 изолятов. На основе гена <italic>S</italic> изоляты разделились на две клады с двумя подкладами в каждой. В первую подкладу первой клады (европейская линия) вошли 11 изолятов. Во вторую подкладу, включающую классические штаммы Квебек и Мёбус, исследуемые изоляты не входили. В первой подкладе второй клады (американо-азиатская линия) оказались 6 исследованных изолятов. Ко второй подкладе (смешанная линия) отнесли один изолят. На основе гена <italic>N</italic> получили две клады, одна из которых включала две подклады. В первую подкладу первой клады вошли 3 изолята (американо-азиатская линия), а во вторую – один (смешанная линия). Во второй кладе (смешанная) оказались 8 изолятов. Различий между диарейными и респираторными изолятами, а также зависимости от их географического местоположения не установили.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Исследованная популяция изолятов BCoV носит неоднородный характер. Анализ нуклеотидных последовательностей является полезным инструментом для изучения молекулярной эпизоотологии коронавирусных инфекций и решения вопроса о применении вакцин в конкретном регионе.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cattle</kwd><kwd>coronaviruses</kwd><kwd>sequencing</kwd><kwd>phylogenetic analysis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>крупный рогатый скот</kwd><kwd>коронавирусы</kwd><kwd>секвенирование</kwd><kwd>филогенетический анализ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственное бюджетное финансирование</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The state budget</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>0533-2021-0018</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственное бюджетное финансирование</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The state budget</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FGUG-2022-18</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). New MSL including all taxonomy; updates since the 2018b release. Berlin; 2019. Available at: https://ictv.global</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Suzuki T., Otake Y., Uchimoto S., Hasebe A., Goto Y. Genomic characterization and phylogenetic classification of bovine coronaviruses through whole genome sequence analysis. Viruses. 2020; 12(2): 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020183</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Masters P.S. The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Adv. Virus Res. 2006; 66: 193–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3527(06)66005-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Saif L.J. Bovine respiratory coronavirus. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2010; 26(2): 349–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.04.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Vlasova A.N., Saif L.J. Bovine coronavirus and the associated diseases. Front. Vet. Sci. 2021; 8: 643220. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.643220</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Liu L., Hagglund S., Hakhverdyan M., Alenius S., Larsen L.F., Belak S. Molecular epidemiology of bovine coronavirus on the basis of comparative analyses of the S gene. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2006; 44(3): 957–60. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.44.3.957-960.2006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu Q., Li B., Sun D. Advances in bovine coronavirus epidemiology. Viruses. 2022; 14(5): 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14051109</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mishchenko V.A., Dumova V.V., Chernykh O.Yu., Kiselev M.Yu., Mishchenko A.V., Bakunov I.N., et al. Bovine coronavirus distribution in ruminants. Veterinariya. 2010; (9): 18–21. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мищенко В.А., Думова В.В., Черных О.Ю., Киселев М.Ю., Мищенко А.В., Бакунов И.Н. и др. Распространение коронавируса крупного рогатого скота у жвачных животных. Ветеринария. 2010; (9): 18–21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aliper T.I. Actual Infectious Diseases of Cattle: Guideline [Aktual’nye infektsionnye bolezni krupnogo rogatogo skota: Rukovodstvo]. Moscow; 2021. https://doi.org/10.31016/viev-2021-6 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алипер Т.И. Актуальные инфекционные болезни крупного рогатого скота: Руководство. М.; 2021. https://doi.org/10.31016/viev-2021-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orlyankin B.G., Vlasova A.N., Mukhin A.N., Aliper T.I. Coronavirus infections in animals: epizootology and pathogenesis. Veterinariya. 2022; (3): 3–13. https://doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2022.25.3.03-13 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Орлянкин Б.Г., Власова А.Н., Мухин А.Н., Алипер Т.И. Коронавирусные инфекции животных: эпизоотология и патогенез. Ветеринария. 2022; (3): 3–13. https://doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2022.25.3.03-13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faustino R., Faria M., Teixeira M., Palavra F., Sargento P., do Céu Costa M. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of coronavirus: One health approach for a global strategy. One Health. 2022; 14: 100383. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100383</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saif L.J. Bovine respiratory coronavirus. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2010; 26(2): 349–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.04.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bespalova T.Yu., Blokhin A.A. Coronaviruses of animals (review). Veterinariya. 2020; (9): 3–10. https://doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2020.23.9.03-10 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беспалова Т.Ю., Блохин А.А. Коронавирусы животных (обзор). Ветеринария. 2020; (9): 3–10. https://doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2020.23.9.03-10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glotov A.G., Glotova T.I. Coronaviruses in ruminants. Sibirskiy vestnik sel’skokhozyaystvennoy nauki. 2020; (3): 49–61. https://doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2020-3-5 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глотов А.Г., Глотова Т.И. Коронавирусы жвачных животных. Сибирский вестник сельскохозяйственной науки. 2020; (3): 49–61. https://doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2020-3-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Liu X., Wu Q., Zhang Z. Global diversification and distribution of coronaviruses with furin cleavage sites. Front. Microbiol. 2021; 12: 649314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.649314</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Islam A., Ferdous J., Islam S., Sayeed M.A., Dutta Choudhury S., Saha O., et al. Evolutionary dynamics and epidemiology of endemic and emerging coronaviruses in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Viruses. 2021; 13(10): 1908. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101908</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Franzo G., Drigo M., Legnardi M., Grassi L., Pasotto D., Menandro M.L., et al. Bovine coronavirus: variability, evolution, and dispersal patterns of a no longer neglected betacoronavirus. Viruses. 2020; 12(11): 1285. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12111285</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Burimuah V., Sylverken A., Owusu M., El-Duah P., Yeboah R., Lamptey J., et al. Molecular-based cross-species evaluation of bovine coronavirus infection in cattle, sheep and goats in Ghana. BMC Vet. Res. 2020; 16(1): 405. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02606-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Salem E., Dhanasekaran V., Cassard H., Hause B., Maman S., Meyer G., et al. Global transmission, spatial segregation, and recombination determine the long-term evolution and epidemiology of bovine coronaviruses. Viruses. 2020; 12(5): 534. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050534</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nefedchenko A.V., Koteneva S.V., Glotova T.I., Glotov A.G. The role of bovine coronavirus in the etiology of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases of calves in big dairy farms. Veterinariya. 2022; (1): 18–23. https://doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2022.25.1.18-23 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нефедченко А.В., Котенева С.В., Глотова Т.И., Глотов А.Г. Роль коронавируса в этиологии желудочно-кишечной и респираторной патологии телят на молочных комплексах. Ветеринария. 2022; (1): 18–23. https://doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2022.25.1.18-23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Dall Agnol A.M., Lorenzetti E., Leme R.A., Ladeia W.A., Mainardi R.M., Bernardi A., et al. Severe outbreak of bovine neonatal diarrhea in a dairy calf rearing unit with multifactorial etiology. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2021; 52(4): 2547–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-021-00565-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Rahe M.C., Magstadt D.R., Groeltz-Thrush J., Gauger P.C., Zhang J., Schwartz K.J., et al. Bovine coronavirus in the lower respiratory tract of cattle with respiratory disease. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2022; 34(3): 482–8. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/10406387221078583</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Soules K.R., Rahe M.C., Purtle L., Moeckly C., Stark P., Samson C., et al. Bovine coronavirus infects the respiratory tract of cattle challenged intranasally. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022; (9): 878240. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.878240</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Blakebrough-Hall C., Hick P., Mahony T.J., González L.A. Factors associated with bovine respiratory disease case fatality in feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 2022; 100(1): skab361. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab361</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Deepak Aly S.S., Love W.J., Blanchard P.C., Crossley B., Van Eenennaam A.L., Lehenbauer T.W. Etiology and risk factors for bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned calves on California dairies and calf ranches. Prev. Vet. Med. 2021; 197: 105506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105506</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">L’vov D.K., Al’khovskiy S.V., Kolobukhina L.V., Burtseva E.I. Etiology of epidemic outbreaks covid-19 in Wuhan, Hubei province, Chinese people republic associated with 2019-nCoV (Nidovirales, Coronaviridae, Coronavirinae, Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus): lessons of SARS-COV outbreak. Voprosy virusologii. 2020; 65(1): 6–15. https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-1-6-15 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Львов Д.К., Альховский С.В., Колобухина Л.В., Бурцева Е.И. Этиология эпидемической вспышки COVID-19 в г. Ухань (провинция Хубэй, Китайская Народная Республика), ассоциированной с вирусом 2019-nCoV (Nidovirales, Coronaviridae, Coronavirinae, Betacoronavirus, подрод Sarbecovirus): уроки эпидемии SARS-CoV. Вопросы вирусологии. 2020; 65(1): 6–15. https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-1-6-15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koromyslov G.F., Avilov V.S., Gogolev M.M. Rotavirus and coronavirus infection of calves. Vestnik sel’skokhozyaystvennoy nauki. 1984; (7): 129–36. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коромыслов Г.Ф., Авилов В.С., Гоголев М.М. Ротавирусная и коронавирусная инфекция телят. Вестник сельскохозяйственной науки. 1984; (7): 129–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Decaro N., Elia G., Campolo M., Desario С., Mari V., Radogna A., et al. Detection of bovine coronavirus using a TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR assay. J. Virol. Methods. 2008; 151(2): 167–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.05.01</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Zhao H., Liu J., Li Y., Yang C., Zhao S., Liu J., et al. Validation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in Bovine PBMCs transformed and non-transformed by Theileria annulata. Korean J. Parasitol. 2016; 54(1): 39–46. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.39</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Takiuchi E., Stipp D.T., Alfieri A.F., Alfieri A.A. Improved detection of bovine coronavirus N gene in faeces of calves infected naturally by a semi-nested PCR assay and an internal control. J. Virol. Methods. 2006; 131(2): 148–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.08.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Kumar S., Stecher G., Tamura K. MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2016; 7(33): 1870–74. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw0544</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Lotfollahzadeh S., Madadgar O., Reza Mohebbi M., Reza Mokhber Dezfouli M., George W.D. Bovine coronavirus in neonatal calf diarrhoea in Iran. Vet. Med. Sci. 2020; 6(4): 686–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.277</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Kanno T., Hatama S., Ishihara R., Uchida I. Molecular analysis of the S glycoprotein gene of bovine coronaviruses isolated in Japan from 1999 to 2006. J. Gen. Virol. 2007; 88(Pt. 4): 1218–24. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82635-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Amicone M., Borges V., Alves M.J., Isidro J., Zé-Zé L., Duarte S., et al. Mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 and emergence of mutators during experimental evolution. Evol. Med. Public Health. 2022; 10(1): 142–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoac010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Gunn L., Collins P.J. O’Connell M.J., O’Shea H. Phylogenetic investigation of enteric bovine coronavirus in Ireland reveals partitioning between European and global strains. Irish Vet. J. 2015; 68: 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-015-0060-33</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Bok M., Miño S., Rodriguez D., Badaracco A., Nuñes I., Souza S.P., et al. Molecular and antigenic characterization of bovine Coronavirus circulating in Argentinean cattle during 1994–2010. Vet. Microbiol. 2015; 181(3-4): 221–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.10.017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>De Mira Fernandes A., Brandão P.E., Dos Santos Lima M., de Souza Nunes Martins M., da Silva T.G., da Silva Cardoso Pinto V., et al. Genetic diversity of BCoV in Brazilian cattle herds. Vet. Med. Sci. 2018; 4(3): 183–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.102</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu Q., Su M., Li Z., Wang X., Qi S., Zhao F., et al. Epidemiological survey and genetic diversity of bovine coronavirus in Northeast China. Virus Res. 2022; 308: 198632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198632</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Castells M., Giannitti F., Caffarena R.D., Casaux M.L., Schild C., Castells D., et al. Bovine coronavirus in Uruguay: genetic diversity, risk factors and transboundary introductions from neighboring countries. Arch. Virol. 2019; 164(11): 2715–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-019-04384-w</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
