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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">633</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-119</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic diversity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in the Kaliningrad region</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетическое разнообразие вируса иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ-1) в Калининградской области</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3139-3674</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchemelev</surname><given-names>Alexander N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щемелев</surname><given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Immunology and Virology of HIV Infection, St. Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунологии и вирусологии ВИЧ-инфекции, ФБУН «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека (Роспотребнадзор)</p></bio><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3223-8219</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенов</surname><given-names>Александр В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2270-8897</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostankova</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Останкова</surname><given-names>Юлия В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6474-3696</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Naidenova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Найденова</surname><given-names>Екатерина В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0579-110X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zueva</surname><given-names>Elena B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зуева</surname><given-names>Елена Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0931-102X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valutite</surname><given-names>Diana E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валутите</surname><given-names>Диана Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0424-4654</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Churina</surname><given-names>Mariia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чурина</surname><given-names>Мария А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5918-9395</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Virolainen</surname><given-names>Pavel A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виролайнен</surname><given-names>Павел А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4571-8799</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Totolian</surname><given-names>Areg A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тотолян</surname><given-names>Арег А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">FBSI «Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Санкт-Петербургский НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека (Роспотребнадзор)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ekaterinburg Research Institute of Viral Infections of the Federal Research Institute, State Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” of the Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Екатеринбургский научно-исследовательский институт вирусных инфекций Федерального бюджетного учреждения науки «Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">FSSI Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute «Microbe» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФКУН «Российский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт «Микроб» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека (Роспотребнадзор)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg GBUZ «Botkin Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СПб ГБУЗ «Клиническая инфекционная больница имени С.П. Боткина»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-11-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>67</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>310</fpage><lpage>321</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-08-25"><day>25</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Shchemelev A.N., Semenov A.V., Ostankova Y.V., Naidenova E.V., Zueva E.B., Valutite D.E., Churina M.A., Virolainen P.A., Totolian A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Щемелев А.Н., Семенов А.В., Останкова Ю.В., Найденова Е.В., Зуева Е.Б., Валутите Д.Э., Чурина М.А., Виролайнен П.А., Тотолян А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchemelev A.N., Semenov A.V., Ostankova Y.V., Naidenova E.V., Zueva E.B., Valutite D.E., Churina M.A., Virolainen P.A., Totolian A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щемелев А.Н., Семенов А.В., Останкова Ю.В., Найденова Е.В., Зуева Е.Б., Валутите Д.Э., Чурина М.А., Виролайнен П.А., Тотолян А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/633">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/633</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> As is currently known, the epidemic process in the Kaliningrad Region was mainly associated with the spread of the recombinant form of HIV-1 (CRF03_AB); however, regular HIV importations from other countries and continents has created favorable conditions for emergence and spread of various recombinant forms of the virus.</p> <p>The most complete information on the diversity of recombinant forms in the region is also necessary to understand the structure of drug resistance (DR).</p> <p><bold>The aim</bold> of the study was to explore the HIV-1 genetic diversity in the Kaliningrad Region.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> We studied 162 blood plasma samples obtained from patients from the Kaliningrad Region, both with confirmed virological failure of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and with newly diagnosed HIV infection. For reverse transcription and amplification of HIV genome fragments, diagnostic «AmpliSense HIVResist-Seq».</p> <p><bold>Results and discussion.</bold> The various recombinants between subtypes A and B (74%) were predominant in study group: recombinant was between CRF03_AB and subtype A (33.95%) and CRF03_AB-like (13.58%) were the most common. Among the “pure” subtypes of the virus, subtype A6 (16.67%). The circulation of subtypes B (3.70%) and G (1.23%) was also noted.</p> <p>Ninety-six patients (59.26%) were identified with at least one mutation associated with antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The observed diversity of subtypes and recombinant forms of the virus implies that the new recombinants are actively emerging in the studied region, both between existing recombinant forms and “pure” subtypes, as well as between “pure” subtypes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Как известно на сегодняшний день, эпидемия ВИЧ-инфекции в Калининградской области преимущественно была связана с распространением рекомбинантной формы вируса (CRF03_AB), однако регулярные заносы ВИЧ из других стран и частей света создали благоприятные условия для формирования и распространения его разнообразных рекомбинантных форм.</p> <p>Наиболее полная информация о разнообразии рекомбинантных форм в регионе необходима для понимания структуры лекарственной устойчивости (ЛУ), так как влияние ассоциированных с ней мутаций на приспособленность вируса может быть неодинаковым для разных субтипов, причём рекомбинантные формы могут сочетать в своём геноме наиболее удачные паттерны мутаций, что позволит ВИЧ с большей эффективностью противостоять антиретровирусной терапии.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы.</bold> Изучение генетического разнообразия ВИЧ-1 в Калининградской области.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Исследованы 162 образца плазмы крови, полученные от пациентов из Калининградской области как с подтверждённой вирусологической неэффективностью антиретровирусной терапии, так и с впервые выявленной ВИЧ-инфекцией. Для обратной транскрипции и амплификации ВИЧ использовали диагностический набор «АмплиСенс HIVResist-Seq» (ЦНИИЭ, Россия).</p> <p><bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> Доминирующими в группе являлись различные рекомбинанты между субтипами А и В (74%), в том числе CRF03_AB и субтипом А (33,95%) и рекомбинантная форма, схожая с СRF03_AB (CRF03_AB-like (13,58%). Среди «чистых» субтипов вируса доминирует характерный для территории Российской Федерации суб-субтип – А6 (16,67%), одновременно с ним циркулируют субтипы В (3,70%) и G (1,23%).</p> <p>Были выявлены 96 пациентов (59,26%) хотя бы c одной мутацией, ассоциированной с ЛУ к антиретровирусным препаратам.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Выявленное разнообразие субтипов и рекомбинантных форм вируса указывает на то, что в исследуемом регионе продолжается активный процесс формирования новых рекомбинантов, причём между как уже существующими рекомбинантными формами и «чистыми» субтипами, так и между «чистыми» субтипами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>human immunodeficiency virus</kwd><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>recombinant forms of HIV</kwd><kwd>HIV drug resistance</kwd><kwd>laboratory diagnostics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус иммунодефицита человека</kwd><kwd>ВИЧ</kwd><kwd>рекомбинантные формы ВИЧ</kwd><kwd>лекарственная устойчивость ВИЧ</kwd><kwd>лабораторная диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Korber B., Muldoon M., Theiler J., Gao F., Gupta R., Lapedes A., et al. 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