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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">456</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-6-3</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Problems of ante mortem diagnostics of prion diseases</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Прижизненная диагностика прионных болезней</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3130-4790</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kal’nov</surname><given-names>S. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кальнов</surname><given-names>С. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>Ph.D., Senior Scientist </p><p>123098, Moscow</p>Ph.D., Senior Scientist </bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник, лаборатория средств специфической профилактики</p><p>123098, Москва</p></bio><email>kalnov.sergei@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0784-9341</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Verkhovsky</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Верховский</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D., D.Sci. (Biol.)., Prof., President </p><p>Moscow, 123098</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, президент </p><p>123098, Москва</p></bio><email>info@dpri.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2150-5764</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsibezov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цибезов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D., Leading Researcher</p><p>123098, Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, лаборатория средств специфической профилактики</p><p>123098, Москва</p></bio><email>tsibezov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9536-3127</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseev</surname><given-names>K. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеев</surname><given-names>К. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Senior Scientist</p><p>123098, Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник, лаборатория прикладной вирусологии и биотехнологии</p><p>123098, Москва</p></bio><email>kalekseev@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9354-6824</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chudakova</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чудакова</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="NZ">New Zealand</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research fellow</p><p>Auckland 1010</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник, биологический факультет</p><p>Окленд 1010</p></bio><email>kitsyne1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5274-224X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filatov</surname><given-names>I. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филатов</surname><given-names>И. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>graduate student, Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics</p><p>123098, Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант лаборатории молекулярной диагностики</p><p>123098, Москва</p></bio><email>filat69rus@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6141-9361</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grebennikova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гребенникова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D., D.Sci. (Biol.). Prof., Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of Laboratory</p><p>123098, Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН, заведующая лабораторией молекулярной диагностики</p><p>123098, Москва</p></bio><email>t_grebennikova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">FSBI «National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почётного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">ANO «Diagnostic and Prevention for Human and Animal Diseases Research Institute»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">АНО «Научно-исследовательский институт диагностики и профилактики болезней человека и животных»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">School of Biological sciences, University of Auckland</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Школа биологических наук, Оклендский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-12-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>65</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>326</fpage><lpage>334</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-01-07"><day>07</day><month>01</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-01-07"><day>07</day><month>01</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Kal’nov S.L., Verkhovsky O.A., Tsibezov V.V., Alekseev K.P., Chudakova D.A., Filatov I.E., Grebennikova T.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Кальнов С.Л., Верховский О.А., Цибезов В.В., Алексеев К.П., Чудакова Д.А., Филатов И.Е., Гребенникова Т.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kal’nov S.L., Verkhovsky O.A., Tsibezov V.V., Alekseev K.P., Chudakova D.A., Filatov I.E., Grebennikova T.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кальнов С.Л., Верховский О.А., Цибезов В.В., Алексеев К.П., Чудакова Д.А., Филатов И.Е., Гребенникова Т.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/456">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/456</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review presents the state-of-the-art on the problem of diagnosis of prion diseases (PD) in humans and animals with a brief description of their etiology and pathogenesis. We pointed out that understanding the nature of the etio logical agent of PD determined their zoonotic potential and led to the development of highly specific immunological diagnostic methods aimed at identifying the infectious isoform of prion protein (PrPd) as the only marker of the disease. In this regard, we briefly summarize the results of studies, including our own, concerning the conversion of normal prion protein molecules (PrPc) to PrPd, the production of monoclonal antibodies and their application as immunodiagnostic reagents for the post-mortem detection of PrPd in various formats of immunoassay. We also emphasize the issues related to the development of methods for ante mortem diagnostics of PD. In this regard, a method for amplifying amino acid sequences using quacking-induced conversion of PrPc to PrPd in real time (RTQuIC) described in details. The results of recent studies on the assessment of the sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of this method, carried out in various laboratories around the world, are presented. The data obtained indicate that RT-QuIC is currently the most promising laboratory assay for detecting PrPd in biological material at the preclinical stage of the disease. The significant contribution of US scientists to the introduction of this method into clinical practice on the model of diagnosis of chronic wasting disease of wild Cervidae (CWD) is noted. The possible further spread of CWD in the population of moose and deer in the territories bordering with Russia, as well as the established fact of alimentary transmission of CWD to macaques, indicate the threat of the appearance of PD in our country. In conclusion, the importance of developing new hypersensitive and/or selective components of known methods for PrPd identification from the point of view of assessing the risks of creating artificial infectious prion proteins in vivo or in vitro, primarily new pathogenic isoforms (“strains”) and synthetic prions, was outlined.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзоре представлено современное состояние проблемы диагностики прионных болезней (ПБ) человека и животных с кратким описанием их этиологии и патогенеза. Показано, что понимание природы этиологического агента ПБ определило их зоонозный потенциал и привело к развитию высокоспецифичных иммунологических методов диагностики, направленных на выявление инфекционной изоформы прионного белка (PrPd) как единственного маркёра заболевания. В этой связи кратко приведены результаты исследований, включая собственные, касающиеся конверсии нормальных молекул прионного белка (PrPc) в PrPd, получения моноклональных антител (МКАТ) и их апробации в качестве иммунодиагностических реагентов для посмертного выявления PrPd в различных форматах иммуноанализа. Особо выделен вопрос, связанный с разработкой методов прижизненной диагностики ПБ. В связи с этим подробно рассматривается методика амплификации аминокислотных последовательностей с использованием индуцированной вибрацией конверсии PrPc в PrPd в режиме реального времени (ИВК-РВ). Приводятся результаты последних исследований по оценке чувствительности, специфичности и воспроизводимости данного метода, проведённых в различных лабораториях мира. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что ИВК-РВ в настоящее время является наиболее перспективным лабораторным методом исследованния для выявления PrPd в биологическом материале на доклинической стадии заболевания. Отмечен значительный вклад учёных США во внедрение данной методики в клиническую практику на модели диагностики хронической изнуряю- щей болезни диких копытных (ХИБ). Возможное дальнейшее распространение ХИБ в популяциях лосей и оленей на межграничных с Россией территориях, также как и установленный факт алиментарной передачи ХИБ макакам, свидетельствуют об угрозе появления ПБ в нашей стране. В заключение подчёркнута важность разработки новых сверхчувствительных и/или селективных компонентов известных методов идентификации PrPd с точки зрения оценки рисков создания искусственных инфекционных прионных белков in vivo или in vitro, прежде всего новых патогенных изоформ («штаммов») и синтетических прионов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>prion diseases</kwd><kwd>infectious prion protein PrPd</kwd><kwd>protein amplification</kwd><kwd>RT-QuIC</kwd><kwd>chronic wasting disease (CWD)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>прионные болезни</kwd><kwd>инфекционный прионный белок PrPd</kwd><kwd>белковая амплификация</kwd><kwd>метод ИВК-РВ</kwd><kwd>хроническая изнуряющая болезнь диких копытных (ХИБ)</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Gambetti P., Russo C. Human brain amyloidosis. Nephrol. Dial. 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