<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">390</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-3-167-175</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DISCUSSION</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДИСКУССИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The use of viral RNA polymerase inhibitors in combination with a fusion inhibitor in the treatment of patients with COVID-19: hypothesis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Применение ингибиторов вирусных РНК-полимераз в сочетании с ингибитором фузии в лечении пациентов с COVID-19: гипотеза</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2379-0450</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaisenok</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайсёнок</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg V. Gaisenok, PhD (Med.), Head of the Department of General Cardiology </p><p>Moscow, 119285</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гайсёнок Олег Владимирович, канд. мед. наук, зав. отделением общей кардиологии</p><p>119285, Москва</p></bio><email>ovgaisenok@fgu-obp.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">United Hospital with Outpatient Department Managing Affairs of the President of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Объединённая больница с поликлиникой» Управления делами Президента РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-07-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>65</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>167</fpage><lpage>175</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-07-22"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-07-22"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Gaisenok O.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Гайсёнок О.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gaisenok O.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гайсёнок О.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/390">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/390</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review article considers the possibilities of combined antiviral therapy in the treatment of patients with COVID-19, based on the analysis of the mechanism of action of known antiviral drugs in the framework of the medical hypothesis. The potential effectiveness of the joint use of viral RNA polymerase inhibitors and a fusion inhibitor in this pathology is discussed. The review discusses the main representatives of these groups of drugs – ribavirin, riamilovir, umifenovir, favipiravir. The efficacy and safety profile of these drugs was analyzed, including the experience of their use in clinical trials conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as earlier work performed during the SARS and MERS epidemics.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье рассматриваются возможности комбинированной противовирусной терапии пациентов с COVID-19 на основании анализа механизма действия известных противовирусных препаратов в рамках медицинской гипотезы. Обсуждается потенциальная эффективность совместного применения ингибиторов вирусных РНК-полимераз (рибавирина, риамиловира, фавипиравира) и ингибитора фузии при данной патологии (умифеновира). Проанализирован профиль эффективности и безопасности данных препаратов, в том числе опыт их применения в клинических исследованиях, проведённых в период пандемии COVID-19, а также во время эпидемий SARS и MERS.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID­19</kwd><kwd>antiviral drugs</kwd><kwd>inhibitors of viral RNA polymerases</kwd><kwd>fusion inhibitor</kwd><kwd>ribavirin</kwd><kwd>riamilovir</kwd><kwd>favipiravir</kwd><kwd>umifenovir</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID­19</kwd><kwd>противовирусные препараты</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы вирусных РНК­полимераз</kwd><kwd>ингибитор фузии</kwd><kwd>рибавирин</kwd><kwd>риамиловир</kwd><kwd>фавипиравир</kwd><kwd>умифеновир</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Временные методические рекомендации профилактика, диагностика и лечение новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19). Версия 6 (28.04.2020). Available at: https://static-1.rosminzdrav.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/050/116/original/28042020_%D0%9CR_COVID-19_v6.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Fan H.H., Wang L.Q., Liu W.L., An X.P., Liu Z.D., He X.Q., et al. Repurposing of clinically approved drugs for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 in a 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) related coronavirus model. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.). 2020; 133(9): 1051-6. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000797</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3. Hung I.F., Lung K.C., Tso E.Y., Liu R., Chung T.W., Chu M.Y., et al. Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2020; 395(10238): 1695-704. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31042-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4. Grein J., Ohmagari N., Shin D., Diaz G., Asperges E., Castagna A., et al. Compassionate use of Remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020; 382(24): 2327-36. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5. Leyssen P., De Clercq E., Neyts J. The anti-yellow fever virus activity of ribavirin is independent of error-prone replication. Mol. Pharmacol. 2006; 69(4): 1461-7. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1124/mol.105.020057</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6. Crotty S., Cameron C., Andino R. Ribavirin’s antiviral mechanism of action: lethal mutagenesis? J. Mol. Med. (Berl). 2002; 80(2): 86- 95. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-001-0308-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7. Рибавирин (Ribavirinum): инструкция, применение, противопоказания и формула. Available at: http://www.rlsnet.ru/mnn_index_id_288.htm (Дата обращения: 15.05.2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8. Zhurilo N.I., Chudinov M.V., Matveev A.V., Smirnova O.S., Konstantinova I.D., Miroshnikov A.I., et al. Isosteric ribavirin analogues: Synthesis and antiviral activities. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2018; 28(1): 11-4. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.11.029</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9. Uematsu J., Sakai-Sugino K., Kihira-Nakanishi S., Yamamoto H., Hirai K., Kawano M., et al. Inhibitions of human parainfluenza virus type 2 replication by ribavirin and mycophenolate mofetil are restored by guanosine and S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine. Drug Discov. Ther. 2019; 13(6): 314-21. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5582/ddt.2019.01084</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10. Khalili J.S., Zhu H., Mak N.S.A., Yan Y., Zhu Y. Novel coronavirus treatment with ribavirin: Groundwork for an evaluation concerning COVID-19. J. Med. Virol. 2020; 92(7): 740-6. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25798</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11. Omrani A.S., Saad M.M., Baig K., Bahloul A., Abdul-Matin M., Alaidaroos A.Y., et al. Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2014; 14(11): 1090-5. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70920-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12. Falzarano D., de Wit E., Martellaro C., Callison J., Munster V.J., Feldmann H. Inhibition of novel β coronavirus replication by a combination of interferon-α2b and ribavirin. Sci. Rep. 2013; 3: 1686. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1038/srep01686</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13. Zhong H., Wang Y., Zhang Z.L., Liu Y.X., Le K.J., Cui M., et al. Efficacy and safety of current therapeutic options for COVID-19 – lessons to be learnt from SARS and MERS epidemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol. Res. 2020; 157: 104872. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104872</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14. Karpenko I., Deev S., Kiselev O., Charushin V., Rusinov V., Ulomsky E., et al. Antiviral properties, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of a novel azolo-1,2,4-triazine-derived inhibitor of influenza A and B virus replication. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2010; 54(5): 2017-22. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01186-09</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15. Чупахин О.Н., Киселёв О.И., ред. Триазавирин – противовирусный препарат нового поколения. Екатеринбург; 2016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16. Shvetsov A.V., Zabrodskaya Y.A., Nekrasov P.A., Egorov V.V. Triazavirine supramolecular complexes as modifiers of the peptide oligomeric structure. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 2018; 36(10): 2694-8. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2017.1367329</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17. Логинова С.Я., Борисевич С.В., Максимов В.А., Бондарев В.П., Котовская С.К., Русинов В.Л. и др. Лечебная эффективность нового отечественного химиопрепарата Триазавирин в отношении возбудителя гриппа A (H5N1). Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2011; 56(1-2): 10-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18. Логинова С.Я., Борисевич С.В., Русинов В.Л., Уломский Е.Н., Чарушин В.Н., Чупакин О.Н. и др. Изучение лечебной эффективности триазавирина в отношении экспериментальной формы клещевого энцефалита у белых мышей. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2015; 60(7-8): 11-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19. Смирнова Т.Д., Даниленко Д.М., Еропкин М.Ю., Деева Е.Г., Кисилев О.И. Изучение влияния ремантадина, рибавирина и триазавирина на репродукцию вирусов гриппа А в монослойных и лимфобластоидных линиях человеческого происхождения. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2011; 56(11-12): 11-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20. Киселев О.И., Деева Е.Г., Мельникова Т.И., Козелетская К.Н., Киселев А.С., Русинов В.Л. и др. Новый отечественный препарат триазавирин. Результаты II фазы клинического испытания. Вопросы вирусологии. 2012; 57(6): 9-12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21. International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). WHO Drug Information. 2011; 25(1). Available at: https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/innlists/RecList65_final.pdf (Accessed 15.04.2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22. Умифеновир (Umifenovirum): инструкция, применение, противопоказания и формула. Available at: https://www.rlsnet.ru/mnn_index_id_6264.htm (Дата обращения: 15.04.2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23. Ligen Y. Handbook of COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment; 2020. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339998871_Handbook_of_COVID-19_Prevention_and_Treatment (Accessed 15.04.2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24. Пшеничная Н.Ю., Булгакова В.А., Львов Н.И., Поромов А.А., Селелкова Е.П., Грекова А.И. и др. Клиническая эффективность умифеновира при гриппе и ОРВИ (исследование АРБИТР). Терапевтический архив. 2019; 91(3): 56-63. DOI: http://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2019.03.000127</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25. Haviernik J., Štefánik M., Fojtíková M., Kali S., Tordo N., Rudolf I., et al. Arbidol (Umifenovir): A broad-spectrum antiviral drug that inhibits medically important arthropod-borne flaviviruses. Viruses. 2018; 10(4): 184. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3390/v10040184</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26. Zhang S., Zhi C., Li H., Huang D., Fan Q., Cui J., Umifenovir effectively inhibits IL-10 dependent persistent Coxsackie B4 virus infection. Antiviral. Res. 2017; 141: 165-73. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.02.018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27. Zhu Z., Lu Z., Xu T., Chen C., Yang G., Zha T., et al. Arbidol monotherapy is superior to Lopinavir/ritonavir in treating COVID-19. J. Infect. 2020; 81(1): e21-3. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.060</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28. Временные методические рекомендации. Лекарственная терапия острых респираторных вирусных инфекций (ОРВИ) в амбулаторной практике в период эпидемии COVID-19. Версия 1 (12.04.2020). М.; 2020. Available at: https://static-3.rosminzdrav.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/049/991/original/RESP_REC_V1.pdf (Дата обращения: 15.04.2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29. Du Y.X., Chen X.P. Favipiravir: pharmacokinetics and concerns about clinical trials for 2019-nCoV infection. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2020. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1844</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>30. Jin Z., Smith L.K., Rajwanshi V.K., Kim B., Deval J. The ambiguous base-pairing and high substrate efficiency of T-705 (Favipiravir) Ribofuranosyl 5′-Triphosphate towards influenza a virus polymerase. PLoS One. 2013; 8(7): e68347. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068347</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>31. Справочник лекарств Medum.ru. АВИФАВИР – инструкция по применению. Available at: http://medum.ru/avifavir (Дата обращения: 06.06.2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>32. Furuta Y., Takahashi K., Fukuda Y., Kuno M., Kamiyama T., Kozaki K., et al. In vitro and in vivo activities of anti-influenza virus compound T-705. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2002; 46(4): 977-81. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.4.977-981.2002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>33. Shiraki K., Daikoku T. Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections. Pharmacol. Ther. 2020; 209: 107512. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107512</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>34. Baranovich T., Wong S.S., Armstrong J., Marjuki H., Webby R.J., Webster R.G., et al. T-705 (favipiravir) induces lethal mutagenesis in influenza A H1N1 viruses in vitro. J. Virol. 2013; 87(7): 3741-51. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02346-12</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>35. Escribano-Romero E., Jiménez de Oya N., Domingo E., Saiz J.C. Extinction of West Nile virus by favipiravir through lethal mutagenesis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2017; 61(11): e01400-17. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01400-17</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>36. Rosenke K., Feldmann H., Westover J.B., Hanley P.W., Martellaro C., Feldmann F., et al. Use of favipiravir to treat Lassa virus infection in macaques. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2018; 24(9): 1696-9. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3201/eid2409.180233</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>37. Mendenhall M., Russell A., Smee D.F., Hall J.O., Skirpstunas R., Furuta Y., et al. Effective oral favipiravir (T-705) therapy initiated after the onset of clinical disease in a model of arenavirus hemorrhagic Fever. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2011; 5(10): e1342. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001342</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>38. Kerber R., Lorenz E., Duraffour S., Sissoko D., Rudolf M., Jaeger A., et al. Laboratory findings, compassionate use of favipiravir, and outcome in patients with Ebola virus disease, Guinea, 2015-A retrospective observational study. J. Infect. Dis. 2019; 220(2): 195-202. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz078</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>39. Cohen J. Results from encouraging Ebola trial scrutinized. Science. 2015. DOI: http://doi.org/doi:10.1126/science.aaa7912 Available at: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/02/results-encouraging-ebola-trial-scrutinized (Accessed 06.06.2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>40. Nguyen T.H., Guedj J., Anglaret X., Laouénan C., Madelain V., Taburet A.M., et al. JIKI study group. Favipiravir pharmacokinetics in Ebola-Infected patients of the JIKI trial reveals concentrations lower than targeted. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2017; 11(2): e0005389. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005389</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>41. Wang M., Cao R., Zhang L., Yang X., Liu J., Xu M., et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020; 30(3): 269-271. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>42. Li G., De Clercq E. Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2020; 19(3): 149-50. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>43. Cai Q., Yang M., Liu D., Chen J., Shu D., Xia J., et al. Experimental treatment with favipiravir for COVID-19: an open-label control study. Engineering (Beijing). 2020. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2020.03.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>44. Irie K., Nakagawa A., Fujita H., Tamura R., Eto M., Ikesue H., et al. Pharmacokinetics of favipiravir in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Clin. Transl. Sci. 2020. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1111/cts.12827</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>45. Реестр разрешений на проведение клинических исследований: ЛП Фавипиравир. Available at: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/CiPermitionReg.aspx?PermYear=0&amp;DateInc=&amp;NumInc=&amp;DateBeg=&amp;-DateEnd=&amp;Protocol=&amp;RegNm=&amp;Statement=&amp;ProtoNum=&amp;idCIStatementCh=&amp;Qualifier=&amp;CiPhase=&amp;RangeOfApp=&amp;Torg=%d0%a4%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%bf%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%b8%d1%80&amp;LFDos=&amp;Producer=&amp;Recearcher=&amp;sponsorCountry=&amp;MedBaseCount=&amp;CiType=&amp;PatientCount=&amp;OrgDocOut=2&amp;Status=&amp;NotInReg=0&amp;All=0&amp;PageSize=8&amp;order=date_perm&amp;orderType=desc&amp;pagenum=1 (Дата обращения: 06.06.2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>46. Pilkington V., Pepperrell T., Hill A. A review of the safety of favipiravir – a potential treatment in the COVID-19 pandemic? J. Virus. Erad. 2020; 6(2): 45-51.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>47. Al-Tawfiq J.A., Momattin H., Dib J., Memish Z.A. Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: an observational study. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2014; 20: 42-6. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2013.12.003</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
