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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">282</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-2-77-86</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Ancient variants of the Epstein–Barr virus (Herpesviridae, Lymphocryptovirus, HHV-4): hypotheses and facts</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Древние варианты вируса Эпштейна–Барр (Herpesviridae, Lymphocryptovirus, HHV-4): гипотезы и факты</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6209-977X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>Kseniya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>Ксения Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>skv.lab@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8915-8274</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Senyuta</surname><given-names>Natalya B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сенюта</surname><given-names>Н. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3953-7449</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lubenskaya</surname><given-names>Alexandra K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лубенская</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8279-514X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dushenkina</surname><given-names>Tatyana E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Душенькина</surname><given-names>Т. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1840-4364</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gurtsevich</surname><given-names>Vladimir E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гурцевич</surname><given-names>В. Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">PhD, Head of the Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenesis of the N.N. Blokhin NMRC of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">канд. биол. наук, зав. лабораторией вирусного канцерогенеза НИИ канцерогенеза ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России, 115478, Москва</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ канцерогенеза ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-05-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>65</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-05-16"><day>16</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Smirnova K.V., Senyuta N.B., Lubenskaya A.K., Dushenkina T.E., Gurtsevich V.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Смирнова К.В., Сенюта Н.Б., Лубенская А.К., Душенькина Т.Е., Гурцевич В.Э.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Smirnova K.V., Senyuta N.B., Lubenskaya A.K., Dushenkina T.E., Gurtsevich V.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Смирнова К.В., Сенюта Н.Б., Лубенская А.К., Душенькина Т.Е., Гурцевич В.Э.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/282">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/282</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Molecular studies have shown that viruses appeared in the early stages of the evolution of life. For millions of years, viruses have evolved by changing old and acquiring new sequences in their RNA or DNA. It is assumed that most viruses have common ancestors. Such an ancestor, an ancient strain, probably existed for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as well.</p><p><bold>Aim.</bold> To find out whether ancient strains of EBV persist in modern Russian ethnic groups today.</p><p><bold>Material and methods.</bold> The object of the study was the EBV LMP1oncogene, which is most suitable for molecular genetic analysis. LMP1 was amplified from the oral cavity washings obtained from representatives of two ancient ethnic groups of Russia - Tatars and Slavs. The LMP1 amplicons were sequenced in both directions; their nucleotide sequences translated into amino acid (LMP1) were evaluated using the classification suggested by Edwards et al. 1999. To establish genetic relationships between LMP1 variants, a phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method using the MEGA software package.</p><p><bold>Results and discussion.</bold> Analysis of LMP1 sequences from washings of the Slavs oral cavity demonstrated the presence of LMP1 variants with varying degrees of transforming potential: B98.5/A, China1, Med-, and NC. The analysis of LMP1 sequences from washings of Tatar oral cavity also made it possible to identify oncoprotein variants such as B95.8/A, China1, Med-, as well as a group of variants out of classifications (LMP1-OK). An important finding was the identification of 7 variants of LMP1 from Tatars, designated as LMP1-TatK, that contained two unique deletions of 5 aa in codons 312-316 and 382-386, which were absent in the LMP1 variants from Slavs and from previously examined cancer patients and healthy individuals, as well as in sequences from open computer databases. The uniqueness of the LMP1-TatK variant is confirmed both by phylogenetic analysis of LMP1 sequences of Tatar origin and by the analysis of 11 aa repeats and 5 aa insertions in the C-terminal region of the oncoprotein. The morbidity and mortality rates from neoplasms, including EBV-associated pathologies, did not differ significantly between two studied ethnic groups infected with different EBV strains.</p><p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The data obtained allowed us to suggest that: 1) LMP1-TatK could be refered to an evolutionarily ancient EBV strain that persists among Tatars and; 2) LMP1-TatK belongs to the so-called “Volga” EBV virus strain, the common strain among the population of the Volga region. Extended studies of EBV isolates from residents of this region may probably shed the light on the origin of LMP1-TatK.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Молекулярные исследования показали, что вирусы появились на ранних этапах эволюции жизни на земле. В течение миллионов лет они развивались за счёт изменения старых и приобретения новых последовательностей в РНК или ДНК. Предполагается, что у большинства вирусов есть общие предки. Такой предок, древний штамм, вероятно, существовал и у вируса Эпштейна-Барр (ВЭБ).</p><p><bold>Цель</bold> исследования - поиск персистирующих в наши дни в исторически сложившихся этносах России древних штаммов ВЭБ.</p><p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Объектом исследования стал онкоген LMP1 ВЭБ как наиболее пригодный для молекулярно-генетического анализа. LMP1 амплифицировали из смывов полости рта представителей двух древних этносов России - татар и славян в третьем поколении. Ампликоны LMP1 секвенировали в обоих направлениях, их нуклеотидные последовательности, транслированные в аминокислотные, оценивали с помощью классификации R. Edwards и соавт. (1999). Для установления генетического родства между образцами LMP1 построили филогенетическое древо методом «присоединения соседа» (neighbour-joining) с использованием пакета программ MEGA.</p><p><bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> Анализ образцов LMP1 из смывов полости рта славян выявил среди них варианты LMP1 с разной степенью трансформирующего потенциала: B95.8/A, China1, Med- и NC. Анализ образцов LMP1 из смывов полости рта татар позволил идентифицировать такие варианты онкобелка, как B95.8/А, China1, Med-, а также группу образцов вне классификации. Важной находкой стало обнаружение у татар 7 образцов LMP1, обозначенных как LMP1-TatK, содержавших две уникальные делеции 5 а.к. в кодонах 312-316 и 382-386, отсутствующие в образцах LMP1 славян и в контрольных группах - онкологических больных и здоровых лиц, а также в открытых компьютерных базах данных. Уникальность варианта LMP1-TatK подтверждается и при филогенетическом анализе образцов LMP1 татарского происхождения, и при анализе 11 а.к. повторов и 5 а.к. вставок в С-терминальной области онкобелка. Показатели заболеваемости и смертности от новообразований, включающих ВЭБ-ассоциированные патологии, у двух изучаемых этносов, инфицированных разными штаммами ВЭБ, практически не различались.</p><p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные данные позволили предположить, что, во-первых, LMP1-TatK относится к эволюционно древнему штамму ВЭБ, персистирующему у татар, а во-вторых, LMP1-TatK относится к так называемому Волжскому штамму вируса, распространённому среди населения Поволжья. Исследование изолятов ВЭБ от жителей этого региона, возможно, прольёт свет на происхождение LMP1-TatK.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Epstein-Barr virus</kwd><kwd>latent membrane protein 1</kwd><kwd>polymerase chain reaction</kwd><kwd>sequence analysis</kwd><kwd>phylogenetic analysis</kwd><kwd>Tatars</kwd><kwd>Slavs</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус Эпштейна-Барр</kwd><kwd>латентный мембранный белок 1</kwd><kwd>полимеразная цепная реакция</kwd><kwd>сиквенсный анализ</kwd><kwd>филогенетический анализ</kwd><kwd>татары</kwd><kwd>славяне</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Koonin E.V., Dolja V.V., Krupovic M. Origins and evolution of viruses of eukaryotes: The ultimate modularity. Virology. 2015; 479-480: 2-25. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.039</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. 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