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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">202</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-4-165-170</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">INCREASED FORMATION OF PHOSPHORYLATED H2AX FOCI IN NUCLEI OF CELLS INFECTED BY HEPATITIS B AND B+D VIRUSES</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>УСИЛЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ФОКУСОВ ФОСФОРИЛИРОВАННОГО ГИСТОНА Н2АХ В ЯДРАХ КЛЕТОК ПРИ ИНФЕКЦИИ ВИРУСАМИ ГЕПАТИТА В И D</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostyushev</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костюшев</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dk@rcvh.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Brezgin</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Брезгин</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostyusheva</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костюшева</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lipatnikov</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Липатников</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Simirskii</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Симирский</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamonova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамонова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volchkova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волчкова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maleyev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малеев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chulanov</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чуланов</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute of Epidemiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Центральный НИИ эпидемиологии» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВПО «Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВПО «Российский химико-технологический университет им. Д.И. Менделеева»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт биологии развития им. Н.К. Кольцова» РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-08-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>08</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>63</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>165</fpage><lpage>170</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-20"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Kostyushev D.S., Brezgin S.A., Kostyusheva A.P., Lipatnikov A.D., Simirskii V.N., Mamonova N.A., Volchkova E.V., Maleyev V.V., Chulanov V.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Костюшев Д.С., Брезгин С.А., Костюшева А.П., Липатников А.Д., Симирский В.Н., Мамонова Н.А., Волчкова Е.В., Малеев В.В., Чуланов В.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kostyushev D.S., Brezgin S.A., Kostyusheva A.P., Lipatnikov A.D., Simirskii V.N., Mamonova N.A., Volchkova E.V., Maleyev V.V., Chulanov V.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Костюшев Д.С., Брезгин С.А., Костюшева А.П., Липатников А.Д., Симирский В.Н., Мамонова Н.А., Волчкова Е.В., Малеев В.В., Чуланов В.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/202">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/202</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are the most common outcomes of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) induces transformation and cell death in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) represent the most dangerous type of genome damage. It was shown previously that generation of phosphorylated histone H2AX foci is a reliable marker of DSBs. The aim of this study was to analyse generation of yH2AX foci in HBV and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in vitro and in liver biopsies of patients with CHB and CHB with delta-agent (CHD). Human hepatoma cell line HepG2-1.1merHBV with activated HBV life cycle was used to perform real-time PCR for analysis of pregenomic RNA, HBV DNA, HBV cccDNA and for immunocytochemical analysis of yH2AX. Liver biopsies from CHB and CHD patients were analyzed to confirm the results. HBV induces multiple discrete yH2AX foci in HepG2-1.1merHBV cells in vitro and in biopsies of CHB and CHB+D patients. The ratio of hepatocytes w/o yH2AX foci is significantly lower (49,9+/-12,3% vs. 85,5+/-0,9%, p&lt;0,05), while the proportion of cells with 1-10 yH2AX foci is higher (49,3+/-12,6% vs. 14,5+/-0,9%, p&lt;0,05) compared to healthy control. There is a significant increase in the mean number of yH2AX foci in biopsies from CHB+D patients (3,5+/-1,1 and 5,5+/-1,5 vs. 0,5+/-0,16 in control hepatocytes, p&lt;0.05). The ratio of hepatocytes w/o yH2AX foci is significantly lower in CHB and CHB+D patients, while percentage of cells with 1-10 yH2AX foci is higher. Rare hepatocytes with multiple (11-30 yH2AX foci per cell) foci appear in CHB and CHB+D patients. In conclusion, yH2AX foci are generated in hepatocytes of CHB and CHB+D patients and can be utilized to assess genome damage, associated with HBV and HDV viral infection.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Исходами хронического гепатита В (ХГВ) являются цирроз печени и гепатоцеллюлярная карцинома. Гибель и трансформация гепатоцитов при ХГВ связаны с влиянием вируса гепатита В (HBV) на клетку. Самым опасным видом повреждения генома клеток является образование двухцепочечных разрывов ДНК (ДЦР). Ранее было показано, что образование фокусов фосфорилированного гистона Н2АХ (уН2АХ) является надёжным индикатором ДЦР. Целью работы было изучение формирования фокусов уН2АХ при инфекции, вызванной HBV и HDV, на модели HBV in vitro, а также в биоптатах пациентов с ХГВ и ХГВ с дельта-агентом в биоптатах печени. Клетки гепатомы человека HepG2-1.1merHBV с активным циклом HBV были использованы для оценки экспрессии прегеномной РНК, уровней ДНК и кольцевой ковалентно-замкнутой ДНК (ккзДНК) HBV и иммуноцитохимического анализа образования yH2AX-гистона. Срезы биоптатов печени пациентов с ХГВ и ХГВ + D использовали для подтверждения результатов по генерации уН2АХ-гистона. В результате показано, что HBV вызывает образование многочисленных фокусов уН2АХ в культуре клеток HepG2-1.1merHBV in vitro и гепатоцитах пациентов с ХГВ и ХГB + D. В гепатоцитах пациента с ХГВ доля клеток без фокусов значительно ниже (49,9 ± 12,3% против 85,5 ± 0,9%; p &lt; 0,05), а доля клеток с 1-10 фокусами уН2АХ выше (49,3 ± 12,6% против 14,5 ± 0,9%; p &lt; 0,05) в сравнении со здоровым донором. При ХГВ + D происходит увеличение среднего числа уН2АХ-фокусов (3,5 ± 1,1 и 5,5 ± 1,5 против 0,5 ± 0,16 в контроле; p &lt; 0,05). У пациентов c ХГВ и ХГВ + D снижается доля гепатоцитов без уН2АХ, возрастает доля клеток с 1-10 уН2АХ, появляются клетки с многочисленными (11-30 уН2АХ/клетку) фокусами. Таким образом, yH2AX-фокусы образуются при инфекции HBV in vitro, в гепатоцитах пациентов с ХГВ и ХГB + D и могут использоваться для оценки повреждения генома, связанного с HBV и HDV.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>yH2AX</kwd><kwd>hepatitis B virus</kwd><kwd>hepatitis D virus</kwd><kwd>double strand breaks</kwd><kwd>yH2AX</kwd><kwd>genome damage</kwd><kwd>hepatocytes</kwd><kwd>hepatoma cells</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус гепатита В</kwd><kwd>вирус гепатита D</kwd><kwd>двухцепочечные разрывы ДНК</kwd><kwd>повреждение генома</kwd><kwd>гепатоциты</kwd><kwd>клетки гепатомы</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bahcecioglu I.H., Sahin A. Treatment of delta hepatitis: today and in the future - a review. Infect. Dis. (Lond). 2017; 49(4): 241-50.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Mallet V., Hamed K., Schwarzinger M. 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