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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16911</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-403</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">niaphl</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EDITORIAL CONCEPT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕДАКЦИОННАЯ КОНЦЕПЦИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of viruses in human infectious pathology</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль вирусов в инфекционной патологии человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8176-6582</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lvov</surname><given-names>Dmitry K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Львов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Константинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chief Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, главный научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>dk_lvov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8139-0247</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akimkin</surname><given-names>Vasily G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акимкин</surname><given-names>Василий Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, директор</p></bio><email>crie@pcr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5748-178X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maleev</surname><given-names>Victor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малеев</surname><given-names>Виктор Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), PhD, Professor, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Advisor to the Director for Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, советник директора по научной работе</p></bio><email>maleyev@cmd.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6991-1983</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Letarov</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Летаров</surname><given-names>Андрей Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Bio.), Head of the Laboratory of Microbial Viruses</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, заведующий лабораторией вирусов микроорганизмов</p></bio><email>letarov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6913-5841</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alkhovsky</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Альховский</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Bio.), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Advisor to the Director on Scientific Research in the Field of Naturally Occurring and Emerging Infections</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, член-корреспондент РАН, советник директора по научной работе в области природно-очаговых и новых инфекций</p></bio><email>salkh@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F Gamaleya National Research Center on Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of health of Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт вирусологии имени Д.И. Ивановского ФГБУ «Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почетного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт микробиологии имени С.Н. Виноградского, Федеральный исследовательский центр «Фундаментальные основы биотехнологии» Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Medical and Biological University of Innovation and Continuing Education of the Federal Medical Biophysical Center named after A.I. Burnazyan FMBA of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медико-биологический университет инноваций и непрерывного образования ФГБУ «Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации – Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А.И. Бурназяна» ФМБА России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>71</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>203</fpage><lpage>231</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-25"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-25"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Lvov D.K., Akimkin V.G., Maleev V.V., Letarov A.V., Alkhovsky S.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Львов Д.К., Акимкин В.Г., Малеев В.В., Летаров А.В., Альховский С.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lvov D.K., Akimkin V.G., Maleev V.V., Letarov A.V., Alkhovsky S.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Львов Д.К., Акимкин В.Г., Малеев В.В., Летаров А.В., Альховский С.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16911">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16911</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The global virome (virosphere; unformal domain <italic>Viraea</italic>) has evolved over at least three billion years through continuous co-evolution with the major domains of life, including Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. All viral pathogens known to cause human infectious diseases are of zoonotic origin, having entered human populations at different stages of human evolution and societal development. This process remains ongoing today.</p> <p>The global virome constitutes an immense reservoir of viruses with pandemic potential. Continuous shaping of viral population gene pools under environmental selective pressures drives the emergence of novel human infections. Certain zoonotic viruses have adapted to sustained human-to-human transmission, becoming anthroponotic or zooanthroponotic pathogens, whereas others remain primarily zoonotic. To date, more than 500 viruses (representing over 180 species) have been identified as causative agents of human infectious diseases. Collectively, viral infections affect nearly the entire global population annually: acute intestinal viral infections account for approximately 6 billion cases, acute respiratory viral infections for 1–5 billion cases, vector-borne viral fevers for 450 million cases, parenterally transmitted viral hepatitis for 3 million new cases, and HIV infection for 1.5 million new cases, resulting in an estimated 10–15 million deaths annually, excluding long-term sequelae.</p> <p>Viruses transmitted via the aerosol route periodically give rise to pandemics associated with millions of deaths. At the time of emergence, humanity is typically unprepared, lacking effective means for prevention and treatment. The annual economic burden attributable to major viral infections–including HIV, parenteral viral hepatitis, and influenza–is estimated at hundreds of billions to trillions of U.S. dollars, while the COVID-19 pandemic alone inflicted global economic losses estimated at USD 8.8 trillion, with long-term consequences projected to reach USD 16 trillion (roughly 10–15% of annual global economic output). Persistent, centuries-long pandemics caused by herpesviruses, papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, and parvoviruses are associated with oncogenesis and a broad spectrum of systemic diseases, for which preventive and therapeutic options remain limited.</p> <p>Ensuring biological security requires continuous genomic surveillance of the virome across both natural and anthropogenically altered ecosystems. Such surveillance will improve the capacity to predict pandemic emergence and inform strategic approaches to prevention, including vaccine development, as well as antiviral therapies targeting multiple stages of viral life cycle. Fundamental research into virus–host interactions and the pathogenesis of viral infections remains essential for advancing preparedness against current and future viral threats.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Глобальный виром (виросфера, домен <italic>Viraea</italic>) формировался на протяжении не менее 3 млрд лет в процессе коэволюции с доменами биосферы (археи, бактерии, эукариоты). Все возбудители вирусных инфекций человека имеют зоонозное происхождение, они проникли в популяцию людей на разных этапах эволюции и формирования человеческого общества. Процесс продолжается и в настоящее время.</p> <p>Глобальный виром содержит огромный потенциал вирусов, которые, благодаря перманентному формированию популяционных генофондов под влиянием среды обитания, становятся причиной возникновения новых инфекций человека. Одни зоонозные вирусы превратились в антропонозы и зооантропонозы, другие остались зоонозами. Известно свыше 500 вирусов (более 180 видов), вызывающих инфекционную патологию человека. Ежегодно инфицируется практически все население Земли: возбудителями острых кишечных инфекций – 6 млрд человек, ОРВИ – 1–5 млрд, трансмиссивными лихорадками – 450 млн, парентеральными гепатитами – 3 млн, ВИЧ – 1,5 млн, со смертностью в 10–15 млн человек, без учета отдаленных последствий. Вирусы с аэрозольной передачей периодически вызывают пандемии с гибелью миллионов человек. Как правило, в момент их возникновения человечество не располагает средствами для их профилактики и лечения. Экономический ущерб только от некоторых вирусных инфекций (ВИЧ, парентеральные гепатиты, грипп) ежегодно составляет 0,5–1,0 трлн долл. США, а пандемия COVID-19 нанесла мировой экономике ущерб, оцениваемый в 8,8 трлн долл. с долгосрочными последствиями до 16 трлн долл. (10–15% мирового ВВП). Многовековые пандемии герпес-, папиллома-, полиома-, парвовирусов сопровождаются онкологическими и другими системными заболеваниями, возможности профилактики и лечения которых ограничены.</p> <p>Для обеспечения биологической безопасности необходимо проведение постоянного геномного мониторинга вирома природных и антропогенных экосистем, что позволит прогнозировать возникновение пандемий и определить стратегические подходы к профилактике (вакцины) и лечению (противовирусные препараты, направленные на различные этапы репродукции вируса). Очевидна необходимость проведения фундаментальных исследований по взаимодействию вирусов с организмом человека и патогенезу инфекционного процесса.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>viral infections</kwd><kwd>zoonoses</kwd><kwd>zooanthroponoses</kwd><kwd>anthroponoses</kwd><kwd>pandemics</kwd><kwd>biological security</kwd><kwd>economic burden</kwd><kwd>bioeconomy</kwd><kwd>virosphere</kwd><kwd>global virome</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирусные инфекции</kwd><kwd>зоонозы</kwd><kwd>зооантропонозы</kwd><kwd>антропонозы</kwd><kwd>пандемии</kwd><kwd>биологическая безопасность</kwd><kwd>экономический ущерб</kwd><kwd>биоэкономика</kwd><kwd>виросфера</kwd><kwd>глобальный виром</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Faramarzi A., Norouzi S., Dehdarirad H., Aghlmand S., Yusefzadeh H., Javan-Noughabi J. 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