<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16871</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-377</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">pcbgmi</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Characterization of neutralizing epitopes of the respiratory syncytial virus (<italic>Pneumoviridae</italic>: <italic>Orthopneumovirus</italic>: <italic>Orthopneumovirus hominis</italic>) F protein using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and escape mutants</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Характеристика нейтрализующих эпитопов F-белка респираторно-синцитиального вируса (<italic>Pneumoviridae</italic>: <italic>Orthopneumovirus</italic>: <italic>Orthopneumovirus hominis</italic>) с использованием панели моноклональных антител и эскейп-мутантов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-0816</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kryvitskaya</surname><given-names>Vera Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кривицкая</surname><given-names>Вера Зорьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.B.Sc., Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Risk Factors for Influenza and Acute Respiratory Viral Infections, Department of Etiology and Epidemiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории факторов риска при гриппе и ОРВИ отдела этиологии и эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>vera.krivitskaya@influenza.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2258-4679</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Романовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of Risk Factors for Influenza and Acute Respiratory Viral Infections, Department of Etiology and Epidemiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории факторов риска при гриппе и ОРВИ отдела этиологии и эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>ekaterina.petrova@influenza.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1732-1727</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokin</surname><given-names>Evgeniy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокин</surname><given-names>Евгений Валентинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Head of the Laboratory of Biotechnology of Diagnostic Products, Department of Biotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, заведующий лабораторией биотехнологии диагностических препаратов отдела биотехнологий</p></bio><email>evgeniy.sorokin@influenza.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4757-0521</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsareva</surname><given-names>Tatyana R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Царева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Радистовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Biotechnology of Diagnostic Products, Department of Biotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник лаборатории биотехнологии диагностических препаратов отдела биотехнологий</p></bio><email>tatyana.tsareva@influenza.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1465-5548</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Komissarova</surname><given-names>Ksenia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комиссарова</surname><given-names>Ксения Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Etiology and Epidemiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной вирусологии отдела этиологии и эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>kseniya.komissarova@influenza.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1015-595X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sominina</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соминина</surname><given-names>Анна Адольфовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.B.Sc., Head of Laboratory, Chief Researcher, Laboratory of Risk Factors for Influenza and Acute Respiratory Viral Infections, Department of Etiology and Epidemiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, заведующая лабораторией, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории факторов риска при гриппе и ОРВИ отдела этиологии и эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>anna.sominina@influenza.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6174-0836</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilenko</surname><given-names>Daria M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даниленко</surname><given-names>Дарья Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Head of the Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Infections, Deputy Director for Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, заведующая отделом этиологии и эпидемиологии, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории этиологии вирусных инфекций, заместитель директора по научной работе</p></bio><email>daria.danilenko@influenza.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Научно-исследовательский институт гриппа им. А.А. Смородинцева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>71</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>272</fpage><lpage>283</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-27"><day>27</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Kryvitskaya V.Z., Petrova E.R., Sorokin E.V., Tsareva T.R., Komissarova K.S., Sominina A.A., Danilenko D.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Кривицкая В.З., Петрова Е.Р., Сорокин Е.В., Царева Т.Р., Комиссарова К.С., Соминина А.А., Даниленко Д.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kryvitskaya V.Z., Petrova E.R., Sorokin E.V., Tsareva T.R., Komissarova K.S., Sominina A.A., Danilenko D.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кривицкая В.З., Петрова Е.Р., Сорокин Е.В., Царева Т.Р., Комиссарова К.С., Соминина А.А., Даниленко Д.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16871">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16871</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>The aim</bold> of this work was to identify neutralizing epitopes of the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus subtype A (RSV-A) using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with characterized epitope targeting.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Neutralizing activity was assessed using a microcultural ELISA.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> All studied MAbs neutralized the original virus, albeit less potently than palivizumab. Escape mutants (EMs) resistant to neutralization by the corresponding homologous antibody were generated by passaging the virus in the presence of each mAb. For five mAbs (5H8, 7H8, 9E12, 12C9, 5F8), the loss of neutralizing activity was accompanied by a sharp reduction in binding to the EMs (negative selection), whereas for three others (5F3, 7B12, 10G6), binding was largely preserved, indicating conformational changes critical for neutralization function but not for binding to the F protein itself (positive selection). Whole-genome sequencing revealed multiple substitutions in the EMs affecting not only the F protein (N276S in antigenic site II and R190S in site V) but also other viral proteins (G, L, N, P, M, M2-2).</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Based on competitive ELISA data and sequencing results, we propose the identification of two spatially adjacent neutralizing antigenic sites (A and B) on the F protein.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Целью </bold>настоящей работы являлась идентификация нейтрализующих эпитопов F-белка респираторно-синцитиального вируса (РСВ) субтипа А (РСВ-А) с использованием панели моноклональных антител (МКА) с охарактеризованной эпитопной направленностью.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Проводили оценку нейтрализующей активности МКА с использованием микрокультурального иммуноферментного анализа (ИФА).</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Все исследованные МКА нейтрализовали исходный вирус, хотя и слабее паливизумаба. Путем пассирования вируса в присутствии каждого МКА были получены эскейп-мутанты (ЭМ), устойчивые к нейтрализации соответствующим «гомологичным» антителом. Установлено, что для 5 МКА (5H8, 7H8, 9E12, 12C9, 5F8) потеря нейтрализующей активности сопровождалась резким снижением связывания с ЭМ (негативная селекция), тогда как для 3 других (5F3, 7B12, 10G6) связывание почти не нарушалось, что указывало на конформационные изменения, критичные для функции нейтрализации, но не для самого связывания с F-белком (позитивная селекция). Полногеномное секвенирование выявило в ЭМ множественные замены, затрагивающие не только F-белок (N276S в антигенном сайте II и R190S в сайте V), но и другие вирусные белки (G, L, N, P, M, M2-2).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> На основании данных конкурентного ИФА и результатов секвенирования предложено выделение двух пространственно-сближенных нейтрализующих антигенных сайтов (А и В) на F-белке.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>respiratory syncytial virus</kwd><kwd>F protein</kwd><kwd>escape mutants</kwd><kwd>monoclonal antibodies</kwd><kwd>antigenic sites</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>респираторно-синцитиальный вирус</kwd><kwd>F-белок</kwd><kwd>эскейп-мутанты</kwd><kwd>моноклональные антитела</kwd><kwd>антигенные сайты</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>125020501529-4</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the State Assignment of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation "Genetic and antigenic determinants of variability of modern human pneumoviruses circulating in the Russian Federation" (State Registration No. 125020501529-4)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет средств государственного задания Минздрава России «Генетические и антигенные детерминанты изменчивости современных пневмовирусов человека, циркулирующих на территории Российской Федерации» (рег. № НИОКТР 125020501529-4)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Shi T., McAllister D.A., O’Brien K.L., Simoes E.A.F., Madhi S.A., Gessner B.D., et al. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study. Lancet. 2017; 390(10098): 946–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30938-8 https://elibrary.ru/yhjjah</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Ciapponi A., Palermo M.C., Sandoval M.M., Baumeister E., Ruvinsky S., Ulloa-Gutierrez R., et al. Respiratory syncytial virus disease burden in children and adults from Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Public Health. 2024; 12: 1377968. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1377968 https://elibrary.ru/yinrcg</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Graham B.S. Immunological goals for respiratory syncytial virus vaccine development. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2019; 59: 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2019.03.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Sun M., Lai H., Na F., Li S., Qiu X., Tian J., et al. Monoclonal antibody for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus in infants and children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. Open. 2023; 6(2): e230023. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.0023 https://elibrary.ru/bdayfe</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Vos L.M., Oosterheert J.J., Kuil S.D., Viveen M., Bont L.J., Hoepelman A.I.M., et al. High epidemic burden of RSV disease coinciding with genetic alterations causing amino acid substitutions in the RSV G-protein during the 2016/2017 season in the Netherlands. J. Clin. Virol. 2019; 112: 20–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2019.01.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Lin G.L., Drysdale S.B., Snape M.D., O’Connor D., Brown A., MacIntyre-Cockett G., et al. Distinct patterns of within-host virus populations between two subgroups of human respiratory syncytial virus. Nat. Commun. 2021; 12(1): 5125. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25265-4 https://elibrary.ru/ihttiz</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Rios Guzman E., Hultquist J.F. Clinical and biological consequences of respiratory syncytial virus genetic diversity. Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis. 2022; 9: 20499361221128091. https://doi.org/10.1177/20499361221128091 https://elibrary.ru/vyytdq</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elshin N.D., Komissarova K.S., Komissarov A.B., Danilenko D.M., Lioznov D.A. Set of oligonucleotides for genome-wide amplification of respiratory syncytial viruses type A and B. Patent RF № 2811576; 2024. https://elibrary.ru/vwlgre (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Елшин Н.Д., Комиссарова К.С., Комиссаров А.Б., Даниленко Д.М., Лиознов Д.А. Набор олигонуклеотидов для полногеномной амплификации респираторно-синцитиальных вирусов типов А и В. Патент РФ № 2811576; 2024. https://elibrary.ru/vwlgre</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Krivitskaya V., Petrova E., Sorokin E., Tsareva T., Sverlova M., Komissarova K., et al. Characterization of a panel of monoclonal antibodies targeting the F-protein of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) for the typing of contemporary circulating strains. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024; 9(1): 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9010001 https://elibrary.ru/rjtsda</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Langedijk A.C., Harding E.R., Konya B., Vrancken B., Lebbink R.J., Evers A., et al. A systematic review on global RSV genetic data: Identification of knowledge gaps. Rev. Med. Virol. 2022; 32(3): e2284. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2284 https://elibrary.ru/skylrw</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>McLellan J.S., Ray W.C., Peeples M.E. Structure and function of respiratory syncytial virus surface glycoproteins. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2013; 372: 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38919-1_4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Musa A.O., Faber S.R., Forrest K., Smith K.P., Sengupta S., López C.B. Identification of distinct genotypes in circulating RSV A strains based on variants in the virus replication-associated genes. J. Virol. 2024; 98(8): e0099024. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00990-24 https://elibrary.ru/gkiivz</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Kimura H., Nagasawa K., Tsukagoshi H., Matsushima Y., Fujita K., Yoshida L.M., et al. Molecular evolution of the fusion protein gene in human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup A. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2016; 43: 398–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.019</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Stobbelaar K., Jacobs L., Serrano-Cano F.I., Fransen A., Van der Gucht W., Smet A., et al. Functional implications of respiratory syncytial virus F sequence variability: a comparative analysis using contemporary RSV isolates. mSphere. 2025; 10(5): e0086024. https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00860-24 https://elibrary.ru/yydpwe</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Tabor D.E., Fernandes F., Langedijk A.C., Wilkins D., Lebbink R.J., Tovchigrechko A., et al. Global molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus from the 2017-2018 INFORM-RSV study. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2020; 59(1): e01828-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01828-20 https://elibrary.ru/pvcryd</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Adams O., Bonzel L., Kovacevic A., Mayatepek E., Hoehn T., Vogel M. Palivizumab-resistant human respiratory syncytial virus infection in infancy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010; 51(2): 185–8. https://doi.org/10.1086/653534</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu Q., Patel N.K., McAuliffe J.M., Zhu W., Wachter L., McCarthy M.P., et al. Natural polymorphisms and resistance-associated mutations in the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): effects on RSV susceptibility to palivizumab. J. Infect. Dis. 2012; 205(4): 635–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir790</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Singh S.R., Dennis V.A., Carter C.L., Pillai S.R., Moore E.G. Respiratory syncytial virus recombinant F protein (residues 255-278) induces a helper T cell type 1 immune response in mice. Viral Immunol. 2007; 20(2): 261–75. https://doi.org/10.1089/vim.2007.0008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Tome L., Frabasile S., Candia C., Pittini A., Farina N., Melero J.A., et al. Selection and characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus escape mutants resistant to a polyclonal antiserum raised against the F protein. Arch. Virol. 2012; 157(6): 1071–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1274-2 https://elibrary.ru/rcpjol</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>McLellan J.S., Chen M., Joyce M.G., Sastry M., Stewart-Jones G.B., Yang Y., et al. Structure-based design of a fusion glycoprotein vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus. Science. 2013; 342(6158): 592–8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243283 https://elibrary.ru/spiokj</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Fuentes S., Coyle E.M., Beeler J., Golding H., Khurana S. Antigenic fingerprinting following primary RSV infection in young children identifies novel antigenic sites and reveals unlinked evolution of human antibody repertoires to fusion and attachment glycoproteins. PLoS Pathog. 2016; 12(4): e1005554. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005554</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Palomo C., Mas V., Thom M., Vázquez M., Cano O., Terrón M.C., et al. Influence of respiratory syncytial virus F glycoprotein conformation on induction of protective immune responses. J. Virol. 2016; 90(11): 5485–98. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00338-16</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Palomo C., Mas V., Detalle L., Depla E., Cano O., Vázquez M., et al. Trivalency of a nanobody specific for the human respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein drastically enhances virus neutralization and impacts escape mutant selection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2016; 60(11): 6498–509. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00842-16 https://elibrary.ru/vkjgos</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Melero J.A., Moore M.L. Influence of respiratory syncytial virus strain differences on pathogenesis and immunity. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2013; 372: 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38919-1_3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Lee J., Klenow L., Coyle E.M., Golding H., Khurana S. Protective antigenic sites in respiratory syncytial virus G attachment protein outside the central conserved and cysteine noose domains. PLoS Pathog. 2018; 14(8): e1007262. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007262</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DTU Health Techl. NetOGlyc-4.0. Available at: https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/NetOGlyc-4.0/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DTU Health Techl. NetOGlyc - 4.0. Available at: https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/NetOGlyc-4.0/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Ha B., Chirkova T., Boukhvalova M.S., Sun H.Y., Walsh E.E., Anderson C.S., et al. Mutation of respiratory syncytial virus G protein’s CX3C motif attenuates infection in cotton rats and primary human airway epithelial cells. Vaccines. 2019; 7(3): e69. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7030069</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Cane P.A., Pringle C.R. Evolution of subgroup A respiratory syncytial virus: evidence for progressive accumulation of amino acid changes in the attachment protein. J. Virol. 1995; 69(5): 2918–25. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.69.5.2918-2925.1995</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Cane P. Molecular epidemiology and evolution of RSV. In: Cane P., ed. Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2007: 89–113.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Sutto-Ortiz P., Eléouët J.F., Ferron F., Decroly E. Biochemistry of the respiratory syncytial virus L protein embedding RNA polymerase and capping activities. Viruses. 2023; 15(2): 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020341 https://elibrary.ru/foaaqm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Huong T.N., Lee Z.Q., Lai S.K., Lee H.Y., Tan B.H., Sugrue R.J. Evidence that an interaction between the respiratory syncytial virus F and G proteins at the distal ends of virus filaments mediates efficient multiple cycle infection. Virology. 2024; 591: 109985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2024.109985 https://elibrary.ru/nvtukj</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>McGinnes Cullen L., Luo B., Wen Z., Zhang L., Durr E., Morrison T.G. The Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) G protein enhances the immune responses to the RSV F protein in an enveloped virus-like particle vaccine candidate. J. Virol. 2023; 97(1): e0190022. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01900-22 https://elibrary.ru/ljulvf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Blanchard E.L., Braun M.R., Lifland A.W., Ludeke B., Noton S.L., Vanover D., et al. Polymerase-tagged respiratory syncytial virus reveals a dynamic rearrangement of the ribonucleocapsid complex during infection PLoS Pathog. 2020; 16(10): e1008987. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008987 https://elibrary.ru/eddada</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Shaikh F.Y., Cox R.G., Lifland A.W., Hotard A.L., Williams J.V., Moore M.L., et al. A critical phenylalanine residue in the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein cytoplasmic tail mediates assembly of internal viral proteins into viral filaments and particles. mBio. 2012; 3(1): e00270-11. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00270-11</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
