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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16862</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-372</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">sryzzq</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The problem of the universality of biological models for <italic>in vitro</italic> replication of virulent and attenuated strains of African swine fever virus (<italic>Asfarviridae</italic>: <italic>Asfivirus</italic>), classical swine fever virus (<italic>Flaviviridae</italic>: <italic>Pestivirus</italic>), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (<italic>Arteriviridae</italic>: <italic>Betaarterivirus</italic>)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Проблема универсальности биологических моделей для репродукции <italic>in vitro</italic> вирулентных и аттенуированных штаммов вирусов африканской чумы свиней (<italic>Asfarviridae</italic>: <italic>Asfivirus</italic>), классической чумы свиней (<italic>Flaviviridae</italic>: <italic>Pestivirus</italic>) и репродуктивно-респираторного синдрома свиней (<italic>Arteriviridae</italic>: <italic>Betaarterivirus</italic>)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4465-0179</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moiseenko</surname><given-names>Danila S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Моисеенко</surname><given-names>Данила Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>a postgraduate student, a veterinarian at the reference laboratory for African swine fever</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, ветеринарный врач референтной лаборатории по африканской чуме свиней</p></bio><email>moiseenko_ds@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0801-2394</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadchikova</surname><given-names>Anastasia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садчикова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>veterinarian at the reference laboratory for African swine fever</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ветеринарный врач референтной лаборатории по африканской чуме свиней</p></bio><email>sadchikova@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4054-8532</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernyshova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернышова</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, Head of the Reference Laboratory for Rabies and BSE of the Laboratory Diagnostic Center</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. вет. наук, заведующая референтной лабораторией по бешенству и BSE лабораторно-диагностического центра</p></bio><email>chernishova@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5438-8026</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Igolkin</surname><given-names>Alexey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иголкин</surname><given-names>Алексей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, Deputy Head of the Center – Head of the reference laboratory for African swine fever at the Laboratory Diagnostic Center</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. вет. наук, заместитель руководителя центра – заведующий референтной лабораторией по африканской чуме свиней лабораторно-диагностического центра</p></bio><email>igolkin_as@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4370-7366</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakhtieva</surname><given-names>Natalia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бахтиева</surname><given-names>Наталья Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>leading biologist at the Rabies Reference Laboratory and the BSE Laboratory Diagnostic Center</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ведущий биолог референтной лаборатории по бешенству и BSE лабораторно-диагностического центра</p></bio><email>bahtieva@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6851-9323</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsova</surname><given-names>Elena G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецова</surname><given-names>Елена Геннадиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Leading Researcher in the Cell Culture Sector of the Cell Culture Department of the Scientific and Production Service (CCC OCC NPS)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник сектора культур клеток отдела культур клеток научно-производственной службы (СКК ОКК НПС)</p></bio><email>kuznetsova_eg@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3651-8517</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolchanov</surname><given-names>Nikolay A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колчанов</surname><given-names>Николай Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>employee of the Cell culture Sector of the Cell Culture Department of the Scientific and Production Service (CCC OCC NPS)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>сотрудник сектора культур клеток отдела культур клеток научно-производственной службы (СКК ОКК НПС)</p></bio><email>koichanov@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9235-0959</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trofimova</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трофимова</surname><given-names>Елена Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Cell Culture Sector of the Cell Culture Department of the Scientific and Production Service</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующая сектором культур клеток отдела культур клеток научно–производственной службы</p></bio><email>trofimova_ea@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7536-6275</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vologina</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вологина</surname><given-names>Ирина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, Head of the Cell Culture Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. вет. наук, начальник отдела культур клеток</p></bio><email>vologina@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-2779</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilova</surname><given-names>Vera L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврилова</surname><given-names>Вера Львовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Researcher, Reference Laboratory for African swine fever</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, научный сотрудник, референтной лаборатории по африканской чуме свиней</p></bio><email>gavrilova_vl@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1584-3169</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Puzankova</surname><given-names>Olga S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пузанкова</surname><given-names>Ольга Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, Senior Researcher, Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. вет. наук,<bold> </bold>старший научный сотрудник, референтной лаборатории по африканской чуме свиней</p></bio><email>puzankova@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3604-7161</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernyshev</surname><given-names>Roman S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернышев</surname><given-names>Роман Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Junior Researcher at the Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, младший научный сотрудник референтной лаборатории по африканской чуме свиней</p></bio><email>chernishev_rs@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Center for Animal Health Protection</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Федеральный центр охраны здоровья животных»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>71</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>336</fpage><lpage>349</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-02"><day>02</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Moiseenko D.S., Sadchikova A.S., Chernyshova E.V., Igolkin A.S., Bakhtieva N.I., Kuznetsova E.G., Kolchanov N.A., Trofimova E.A., Vologina I.V., Gavrilova V.L., Puzankova O.S., Chernyshev R.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Моисеенко Д.С., Садчикова А.С., Чернышова Е.В., Иголкин А.С., Бахтиева Н.И., Кузнецова Е.Г., Колчанов Н.А., Трофимова Е.А., Вологина И.В., Гаврилова В.Л., Пузанкова О.С., Чернышев Р.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Moiseenko D.S., Sadchikova A.S., Chernyshova E.V., Igolkin A.S., Bakhtieva N.I., Kuznetsova E.G., Kolchanov N.A., Trofimova E.A., Vologina I.V., Gavrilova V.L., Puzankova O.S., Chernyshev R.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Моисеенко Д.С., Садчикова А.С., Чернышова Е.В., Иголкин А.С., Бахтиева Н.И., Кузнецова Е.Г., Колчанов Н.А., Трофимова Е.А., Вологина И.В., Гаврилова В.Л., Пузанкова О.С., Чернышев Р.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16862">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16862</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>The current state of pig industry in Russia is characterized by the dominance of pig farms of III–IV compartments and a reduction in livestock in private subsidiary and peasant farms against the background of the spread of infectious diseases, mainly caused by viruses of African and classical swine fever (ASFV and CSFV), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV). The classical method of virus cultivation <italic>in vitro</italic> is still relevant for the diagnosis of diseases, isolation of relevant strains, studying their properties, attenuation, and obtaining vaccine raw materials.</p> <p><bold>The aim of the study </bold>is to select of a universal biological model for <italic>in vitro</italic> replication of ASFV, CSFV, and PRRSV based on the analysis of permissiveness levels of various cell cultures (primary cell cultures, subcultures, and continuous cell lines).</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The study utilized known virulent, vaccine, and attenuated strains of ASFV, CSFV, and PRRSV. Five primary cell cultures, two subcultures and eleven transferable cell lines / sublines were tested. The degree of tolerance was calculated based on the results of semi-quantitative estimates using the real-time PCR method for five consecutive passages.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> For <italic>in vitro</italic> replication of both virulent and attenuated strains of ASFV, the optimal biological models were primary cell cultures of pBMC, PAM, PL, PS, ST, and PK. For the virulent strain of CSFV, the following were optimal: PAM, PL, ST, PK, PS, RRC, and PK-15 (ATCC). For the vaccine strain of CSFV, the optimal models were synovial membrane subcultures of lamb (MSO/ARRIAH) and kid (MSC/ARRIAH), as well as ST, PAM, PL, and PS. For virulent strains of PRRSV, both American and European types, the optimal model was the primary cell culture PAM. For the attenuated strain of American-type PRRSV, PAM, PL, and MA-104 were suitable, while for the attenuated strain of European-type PRRSV, PAM, PL, and Marc-145 were optimal.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> It has been established that some primary cell cultures, such as PAM and PL, with a predominance of mononuclear cells are universal biological models for the in vitro reproduction of virulent and attenuated strains of ASFV, CSFV, and PRRSV.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Современное состояние свиноводства в России характеризуется доминированием свинокомплексов III–IV компартментов и сокращением поголовья в личных подсобных и крестьянско-фермерских хозяйствах на фоне распространения инфекционных болезней, преимущественно вызываемых вирусами африканской и классической чумы свиней (АЧС и КЧС), репродуктивно-респираторного синдрома свиней (РРСС). Классический метод культивирования вирусов <italic>in vitro</italic> по-прежнему остается актуальным в диагностике болезней, выделении штаммов, изучении их свойств, аттенуации и получении вакцинного сырья.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы</bold> <bold>–</bold> выбор универсальной биологической модели для репродукции <italic>in vitro</italic> вирусов АЧС, КЧС и РРСС по результатам анализа степени пермиссивности разных клеточных культур (первичных культур клеток, субкультур и перевиваемых линий).</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>В работе использовали известные вирулентные, вакцинные и аттенуированные штаммы вирусов АЧС, КЧС, РРСС. Тестировали 5<italic> </italic>первичных культур клеток, 2 субкультуры и 11 перевиваемых клеточных линий/сублиний. Степень пермиссивности интерпретировали по результатам полуколичественной оценки с использованием метода полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени на протяжении 5 последовательных пассажей.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Для репродукции <italic>in vitro</italic> как вирулентного, так и аттенуированного штамма вируса АЧС оптимальными биологическими моделями оказались первичные культуры клеток костного мозга (КМС), альвеолярные макрофаги свиньи (АМС), селезенки (СС) и лейкоциты свиньи (ЛС), тестикулы свиней (ТС) и свиной почки (СП). Для вирулентного штамма вируса КЧС – ТС, АМС, ЛС, СС, СП, ППК (перевиваемая почечная культура) и почки поросенка PK-15 (сублиния ATCC), для вакцинного – субкультуры синовиальной мембранной оболочки ягненка MSO/ARRIAH и козленка MSC/ARRIAH, ТС, ЛС, АМС, СС. Для вирулентных штаммов вирусов РРСС как американского, так и европейского типа – первичная культура клеток АМС и ЛС; для аттенуированного штамма вируса РРСС американского типа – АМС, ЛС и почки зеленой мартышки МА-104, а для аттенуированного штамма вируса РРСС европейского типа – АМС, ЛС и почки зеленой мартышки Marc-145.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Установлено, что универсальными биологическими моделями для репродукции <italic>in vitro</italic> как вирулентных, так и аттенуированных/вакцинных штаммов вирусов АЧС, КЧС и РРСС являются некоторые первичные культуры c преобладанием клеток мононуклеарного ряда, такие как АМС и ЛС.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ASFV</kwd><kwd>CSFV</kwd><kwd>porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus</kwd><kwd>cell culture sensibility</kwd><kwd>virus isolation</kwd><kwd>pig farming</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус АЧС</kwd><kwd>вирус КЧС</kwd><kwd>вирус РРСС</kwd><kwd>пермиссивность культур клеток</kwd><kwd>изоляция вируса</kwd><kwd>свиноводство</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsyndrina Yu. 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