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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16858</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-369</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">mytlbu</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Molecular characterization of a rare rotavirus (<italic>Sedoreoviridae</italic>: <italic>Rotavirus</italic>) strain genotype G2P[9] isolated from a child with acute gastroenteritis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярная характеристика редкого штамма ротавируса (<italic>Sedoreoviridae</italic>: <italic>Rotavirus</italic>) генотипа G2P[9], выделенного от ребенка с острым гастроэнтеритом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-1427</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Velikzhanina</surname><given-names>Elena I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Великжанина</surname><given-names>Елена Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Infections</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных инфекций</p></bio><email>www.e_velikzhanina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3203-7863</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sashina</surname><given-names>Tatiana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сашина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Infections<bold> </bold></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных инфекций</p></bio><email>tatyana.sashina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1033-7347</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashnikov</surname><given-names>Alexander Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кашников</surname><given-names>Александр Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Scientist, Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Infections<bold> </bold></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных инфекций</p></bio><email>a.kashn@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7679-8029</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Epifanova</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Епифанова</surname><given-names>Наталия Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Infections</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных инфекций</p></bio><email>epifanovanv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3710-6648</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>Nadezhda A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>Надежда Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Science, Professor, Leading Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Infections<bold> </bold></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующая лабораторией молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных инфекций</p></bio><email>novikova_na@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Нижегородский НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. академика И.Н. Блохиной» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека (Роспотребнадзор)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>71</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>182</fpage><lpage>194</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-19"><day>19</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Velikzhanina E.I., Sashina T.A., Kashnikov A.Y., Epifanova N.V., Novikova N.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Великжанина Е.И., Сашина Т.А., Кашников А.Ю., Епифанова Н.В., Новикова Н.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Velikzhanina E.I., Sashina T.A., Kashnikov A.Y., Epifanova N.V., Novikova N.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Великжанина Е.И., Сашина Т.А., Кашников А.Ю., Епифанова Н.В., Новикова Н.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16858">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16858</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Rotaviruses exhibit a high degree of variability, which is ensured by the process of reassortment and antigenic drift. This leads to significant genetic diversity, including the emergence of strains with rare and unusual genotypes. This study, for the first time, provides a molecular genetic characterization of a rare RVA strain with the genotype G2P[9] based on all genome segments.</p> <p><bold>Aim of the study.</bold> To conduct a molecular genetic characterization of a rare strain of RVA genotype G2P[9] based on all genome segments, as well as to compare the strain with previously characterized representatives of subgroup BA222 from Nizhny Novgorod.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Rotavirus-positive stool samples from children were analyzed using PCR-genotyping and PAGE. For the isolate under study, cDNA fragments of each of the 11 genes (<italic>VP1–VP4</italic>, <italic>VP6</italic>, <italic>VP7</italic>, <italic>NSP1–NSP5</italic>) were sequenced. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree construction were performed using MEGA X.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> In the period 2022–2023, a single strain of the unique genotype G2P[9] was identified in Nizhny Novgorod, characterized by a “broad” RNA electrophoretype (G2-P[9]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T3-E3-H3). The study showed that the origin of this strain is associated with reassortment processes between Nizhny Novgorod Wa- and BA222-like RVA, as well as isolates of the G3P[9] genotype from China. The studied strain, along with rotaviruses from China, differed from the Nizhny Novgorod BA222-like strains by the presence of 43 nucleotide substitutions in nine genes. These differences resulted in ten amino acid substitutions, eight of which were radical. All radical substitutions were located in the functionally active regions of the VP1, VP3, and VP4 proteins, which play a key role in the replicative cycle of rotaviruses.</p> <p><bold>Discussion.</bold> We characterized a strain with the rare G2P[9] genotype based on its complete genotype for the first time in Russia and globally. These results expand our understanding of the diversity of reassortant rotaviruses and complement our knowledge of the genotypic structure of the rotavirus population in Nizhny Novgorod.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The wide genetic diversity of rotaviruses, maintained by reassortment and antigenic drift, may facilitate rotaviruses' ability to overcome immunological pressure. Therefore, continuous molecular monitoring of circulating rotavirus variants is necessary to monitor the emergence of new variants and assess changes in rotavirus virulence following reassortment processes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Ротавирусы демонстрируют высокую степень изменчивости, которая обеспечивается процессом реассортации и механизмом антигенного дрейфа. Это приводит к формированию значительного генетического разнообразия, в том числе к появлению штаммов с редкими и необычными генотипами.<bold> Цель исследования.</bold> Провести молекулярно-генетическую характеристику редкого штамма РВА генотипа G2P[9] на основе всех сегментов генома и его сравнение с ранее охарактеризованными нижегородскими представителями подгруппы ВА222.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Ротавирус-положительные образцы стула детей исследовали методами ПЦР-генотипирования и электрофореза в полиакриламидном геле. Для исследуемого изолята были секвенированы фрагменты кДНК каждого из 11 генов (<italic>VP1–VP4</italic>, <italic>VP6</italic>, <italic>VP7</italic>, <italic>NSP1–NSP5</italic>) длиной от 632 до 879 пар нуклеотидов. Анализ нуклеотидных и аминокислотных последовательностей, построение филогенетических деревьев проводили в программе MEGA X.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> На территории Нижнего Новгорода в период 2022–2023 гг. был выявлен единичный штамм уникального генотипа G2P[9], характеризующийся «широким» электрофоретипом РНК (G2-P[9]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T3-E3-H3). Исследование показало, что происхождение данного штамма связано с процессами реассортации между нижегородскими Wa- и ВА222-подобными РВА, а также изолятами генотипа G3P[9] из Китая. Исследуемый штамм вместе с ротавирусами из Китая отличался от нижегородских BA222-подобных изолятов наличием 43 нуклеотидных замен в 9 генах. Эти различия обусловили появление 10 аминокислотных замен, 8 из которых были радикальными. Все радикальные замены располагались в функционально-активных регионах белков VP1, VP3 и VP4, которые играют ключевую роль в репликативном цикле ротавирусов.</p> <p><bold>Обсуждение.</bold> Штамм с редким генотипом G2P[9] был охарактеризован нами на основе полного генотипа впервые в России и в мире. Полученные результаты расширяют знания о разнообразии реассортантных РВА, а также дополняют данные о генотиповой структуре популяции ротавирусов на территории Нижнего Новгорода.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Широкое генетическое разнообразие ротавирусов, поддерживаемое реассортацией и антигенным дрейфом, может способствовать преодолению ротавирусами иммунологического прессинга. В связи с этим для контроля появления новых вариантов и оценки изменения вирулентности ротавирусов после процессов реассортации необходим постоянный молекулярный мониторинг циркулирующих РВА.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rotavirus A</kwd><kwd>genotyping</kwd><kwd>full genotype</kwd><kwd>phylogenetic analysis</kwd><kwd>genetic variants</kwd><kwd>genetic diversity</kwd><kwd>reassortment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ротавирус А</kwd><kwd>генотипирование</kwd><kwd>полный генотип</kwd><kwd>филогенетический анализ</kwd><kwd>генетические варианты</kwd><kwd>генетическое разнообразие</kwd><kwd>реассортанты</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was not supported by any external sources of funding. 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