<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16842</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-364</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">mbhnir</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Test systems for the laboratory detection and differentiation of Powassan virus from tick-borne encephalitis virus (<italic>Flaviviridae</italic>: <italic>Orthoflavivirus</italic>) using RT-PCR and RT-qPCR</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тест-системы для лабораторного выявления и дифференциации вируса Повассан от вируса клещевого энцефалита (<italic>Flaviviridae</italic>: <italic>Orthoflavivirus</italic>) методом ОТ-ПЦР и ОТ-ПЦР-РВ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1530-2050</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedina</surname><given-names>Maria P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федина</surname><given-names>Марья Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher in Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший<bold> </bold>научный сотрудник лаборатории биологии арбовирусов</p></bio><email>mariafedinamf@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1358-5824</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivannikov</surname><given-names>Roman I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванников</surname><given-names>Роман Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory Research Assistant in Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь<bold> </bold>лаборатории биологии арбовирусов</p></bio><email>ivannikov_ra@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8901-6206</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karganova</surname><given-names>Galina G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карганова</surname><given-names>Галина Григорьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Leading Researcher and Head of Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующая лабораторией биологии арбовирусов</p></bio><email>karganova@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6086-3655</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litov</surname><given-names>Alexander G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литов</surname><given-names>Александр Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Leading Researcher in Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории биологии арбовирусов</p></bio><email>novosti-wxo@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАНУ «Федеральный научный центр исследований и разработки иммунобиологических препаратов им. М.П. Чумакова РАН» (Институт полиомиелита)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>71</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>162</fpage><lpage>174</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-12"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Fedina M.P., Ivannikov R.I., Karganova G.G., Litov A.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Федина М.П., Иванников Р.И., Карганова Г.Г., Литов А.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fedina M.P., Ivannikov R.I., Karganova G.G., Litov A.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Федина М.П., Иванников Р.И., Карганова Г.Г., Литов А.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16842">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16842</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne orthoflavivirus capable of causing neurological diseases. In the Russian Far East, the area affected by POWV overlaps with that of another neurotropic orthoflavivirus, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Currently, there are no differentiated test systems for specific detection of POWV in the presence of TBEV.</p> <p><bold>The aim</bold> of this work is to create differentiating test systems for the detection of POWV in a mixture with TBEV and other orthoflaviviruses.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>We constructed a genome alignment of eight POWV and five TBEV strains to select differentiating primers using MEGA X. To assess the specificity of the assay, we used POWV, several TBEV strains, and other orthoflaviviruses. PCR and qPCR were performed with the selected oligonucleotides, and the specificity of amplification was verified by electrophoresis in agarose gel and Sanger sequencing. cDNA was obtained from virus-containing material by isolating RNA and performing a reverse transcription reaction.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The selected oligonucleotides for the qPCR-based differentiation system ensured specific detection of POWV without detecting signals from other orthoflaviviruses. The assay’s limit of detection was 10<sup>2</sup> copies/sample. Analysis of mixed samples containing POWV and TBEV demonstrated no distortion of the measurement results. Furthermore, differentiating oligonucleotides were selected and tested to amplify extended regions of the POWV and TBEV genomes for subsequent sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> A laboratory technique based on PCR has been developed that allows to detect the POWV in samples containing other orthoflaviviruses.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Вирус Повассан (ПОВВ) – переносимый клещами ортофлавивирус, способный вызывать неврологические заболевания. На Дальнем Востоке России ареал ПОВВ перекрывается с ареалом другого нейротропного ортофлавивируса – вируса клещевого энцефалита (ВКЭ). На данный момент не существует дифференцирующих тест-систем для выявления ПОВВ в сочетании с ВКЭ.</p> <p><bold>Целью </bold>работы является создание дифференцирующих тест-систем для выявления ПОВВ в сочетании с ВКЭ и другими ортофлавивирусами.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>С помощью программы MEGA X было построено выравнивание геномных последовательностей 8 штаммов ПОВВ и 5 штаммов ВКЭ с целью подбора дифференцирующих праймеров. Для проверки специфичности тест-системы использовали ПОВВ, несколько штаммов ВКЭ и другие ортофлавивирусы. С подобранными олигонуклеотидами проводили полимеразную цепную реакцию (ПЦР) и ПЦР в реальном времени (ПЦР-РВ), верифицируя специфичность амплификации путем электрофореза в агарозном геле и секвенирования по Сэнгеру. кДНК получали из вируссодержащего материала посредством выделения РНК и постановки реакции с обратной транскрипцией.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Подобранные олигонуклеотиды для дифференцирующей системы на основе ПЦР-РВ обеспечили специфичную детекцию ПОВВ, не демонстрируя при этом сигналов от других ортофлавивирусов. Предел чувствительности тест-системы составил 10<sup>2</sup> копий/проба. Проведенный анализ смешанных образцов, содержащих ПОВВ и ВКЭ, продемонстрировал отсутствие искажений результатов измерений. Кроме того, были подобраны и протестированы дифференцирующие олигонуклеотиды для амплификации протяженных участков геномов ПОВВ и ВКЭ с целью их последующего секвенирования и филогенетического анализа.</p> <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> Разработана лабораторная методика на основе ПЦР, позволяющая выявлять ПОВВ в биоматериалах, содержащих другие ортофлавивирусы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Tick-borne encephalitis virus</kwd><kwd>TBEV</kwd><kwd>Powassan virus</kwd><kwd>Flaviviridae</kwd><kwd>Orthoflavivirus</kwd><kwd>RT-PCR</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус клещевого энцефалита</kwd><kwd>ВКЭ</kwd><kwd>вирус Повассан</kwd><kwd>Flaviviridae</kwd><kwd>Orthoflavivirus</kwd><kwd>ПЦР</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FNZG-2024-0008</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was not supported by any external sources of funding. This work was supported by the Сhumakov FSC R&amp;D IBP RAS (Institute of Poliomyelitis) fundamental research assignment No. FNZG-2024-0008</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы заявляют об отсутствии внешнего финансирования при проведении исследования. Исследование выполнено за счет средств государственного задания № FNZG-2024-0008</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lindenbach B.D., Thiel H.J., Rice C.M. Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Fields Virology. Volume 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 2007: 1101–52.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Lindenbach B.D., Murray C.L., Thiel H., Rice C.M. Flaviviridae. In: Fields Virology. Volume 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins: 2013: 712–46.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Dey D., Poudyal S., Rehman A., Hasan S.S. Structural and biochemical insights into flavivirus proteins. Virus Res. 2021; 296: 198343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198343</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Ruzek D., Avšič Županc T., Borde J., Chrdle A., Eyer L., Karganova G., et al. Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and Russia: review of pathogenesis, clinical features, therapy, and vaccines. Antiviral Res. 2019; 164: 23–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Deviatkin A.A., Karganova G.G., Vakulenko Y.A., Lukashev A.N. TBEV subtyping in terms of genetic distance. Viruses. 2020; 12(11): 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12111240</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Pukhovskaya N.M., Morozova O.V., Vysochina N.P., Belozerova N.B., Bakhmetyeva S.V., Zdanovskaya N.I., et al. Tick-borne encephalitis virus in arthropod vectors in the Far East of Russia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2018; 9(4): 824–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.01.020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Belova O.A., Kholodilov I.S., Litov A.G., Karganova G.G. The ability of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) to support reproduction of the tick-borne encephalitis virus. Entomol. Rev. 2018; 98(9): 1369–78. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873818090142 https://elibrary.ru/fkwcfu</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Leonova G.N., Kondratov I.G., Ternovoi V.A., Romanova E.V., Protopopova E.V., Chausov E.V., et al. Characterization of Powassan viruses from Far Eastern Russia. Arch. Virol. 2009; 154(5): 811–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-009-0376-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Klontz E.H., Chowdhury N., Holbrook N., Solomon I.H., Telford S.R. 3rd, Aliota M.T., et al. Analysis of Powassan virus genome sequences from human cases reveals substantial genetic diversity with implications for molecular assay development. Viruses. 2024 ; 16(11): 1653. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16111653</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Piantadosi A., Solomon I.H. Powassan virus encephalitis. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 2022; 36(3): 671–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2022.03.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Telford S.R. 3rd, Armstrong P.M., Katavolos P., Foppa I., Garcia A.S., Wilson M.L., et al. A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1997; 3(2): 165–70. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0302.970209</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lvov D.K., Leonova G.N., Gromashevskii V.L., Belikova N.P., Berezina L.K., Safronov A.V., et al. Isolation of the Powassan virus from Haemaphysalis neumanni Dönitz, 1905 ticks in the Maritime Territory. Voprosy virusologii. 1974; 19(5): 538–541. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Львов Д.К., Леонова Г.Н., Громашевский В.Л., Беликова Н.П., Березина Л.К., Сафронов А.В. и др. Изоляция вируса Повассан из клещей Haemaphysalis neumanni Dönitz, 1905, в Приморском крае. Вопросы вирусологии. 1974; 19(5): 538–541.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lvov D.K., Alkhovsky S.V., Shchelkanov M.Yu., Shchetinin A.M., Deryabin P.G., Gitelman A.K., et al. Genetic characterization of Powassan virus (POWV) isolated from Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in the maritime territory and two strains of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBE) (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus): Alma-Arasan virus (AAV) isolated from the Ixodes persulcatus ticks in Kazakhstan and Malyshevo virus isolated from the Aedes vexans nipponii mosquitoes in the Khabarovsk territory. Voprosy virusologii. 2014; 59(5): 18–22. https://elibrary.ru/snvruz (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Львов Д.К., Альховский С.В., Щелканов М.Ю., Щетинин А.М., Дерябин П.Г., Гительман А.К. и др. Генетическая характеристика вируса Повассан (POWV – Powassan Virus), изолированного от клещей Haemaphysalis longicornis в Приморском крае, и двух штаммов вируса клещевого энцефалита (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus): Алма-Арасан (AAV – Alma-Arasan Virus), изолированного от клещей Ixodes persulcatus в Казахстане, и Малышево, изолированного от комаров Aedes vexans nipponii в Хабаровском крае. Вопросы вирусологии. 2014; 59(5): 18–22. https://elibrary.ru/snvruz</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Beasley D.W., Suderman M.T., Holbrook M.R., Barrett A.D. Nucleotide sequencing and serological evidence that the recently recognized deer tick virus is a genotype of Powassan virus. Virus Res. 2001; 79(1-2): 81–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00330-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leonova G.N., Chunikhin S.P., Kruglyak S.P., Lozovskaya S.A. On the presence of combined foci of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and Hassan in the south of the Soviet Far East. In: Yavorskaya V.E., Bocharov E.F., eds. Natural Focal Diseases in the Development Zones of Siberia and the Far North: A Collection of Scientific Papers [Prirodno-ochagovye zabolevaniya v zonakh osvoeniya Sibiri i Krainego Severa: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov]. Novosibirsk; 1977: 95–7. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Леонова Г.Н., Чунихин С.П., Кругляк С.П., Лозовская С.А. О наличии сочетанных очагов клещевого энцефалита (КЭ) и Повассан на юге Советского Дальнего Востока. В кн.: Яворская В.Е., Бочаров Е.Ф., ред. Природно-очаговые заболевания в зонах освоения Сибири и Крайнего Севера: Сборник научных трудов. Новосибирск; 1977: 95–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leonova G.N., Isachkova L.M., Baranov N.I., Kruglyak S.P. Study of the role of the Hassan virus in the etiological structure of tick-borne encephalitis in Primorsky Krai. Voprosy virusologii. 1980; 25(2): 173–6. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Леонова Г.Н., Исачкова Л.М., Баранов Н.И., Кругляк С.П. Изучение роли вируса Повассан в этиологической структуре клещевого энцефалита в Приморском крае. Вопросы вирусологии. 1980; 25(2): 173–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Schwaiger M., Cassinotti P. Development of a quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay with internal control for the laboratory detection of tick borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA. J. Clin. Virol. 2003; 27(2): 136–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1386-6532(02)00168-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Romanova L.Iu., Gmyl A.P., Dzhivanian T.I., Bakhmutov D.V., Lukashev A.N., Gmyl L.V., et al. Microevolution of tick-borne encephalitis virus in course of host alternation. Virology. 2007; 362(1): 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2006.12.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Jia J., Li Y., Wu X., Zhang S., Hu Y., Li J., et al. Reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assays for rapid detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection. Virol. Sin. 2019; 34(3): 338–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-019-00105-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Adams G. A beginner’s guide to RT-PCR, qPCR and RT-qPCR. Biochemist. 2020; 42(3): 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1042/bio20200034 https://elibrary.ru/wdbzrn</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Kumar S., Stecher G., Li M., Knyaz C., Tamura K. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2018; 35(6): 1547–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Litov A.G., Okhezin E.V., Kholodilov I.S., Polienko A.E., Karganova G.G. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction system for Alongshan virus detection. Methods Protoc. 2023; 6(5): 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps6050079</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Scaramozzino N., Crance J.M., Jouan A., DeBriel D.A., Stoll F., Garin D. Comparison of flavivirus universal primer pairs and development of a rapid, highly sensitive heminested reverse transcription-PCR assay for detection of flaviviruses targeted to a conserved region of the NS5 gene sequences. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2001; 39(5): 1922–7. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.39.5.1922-1927.2001</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
