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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16800</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-346</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">tmrweo</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Differentiation of vaccine strains and field isolates of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (<italic>Orthoherpesviridae: Varicellovirus</italic>)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Дифференциация вакцинных штаммов и полевых изолятов герпесвируса крупного рогатого скота 1-го типа (<italic>Orthoherpesviridae: Varicellovirus</italic>)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9712-3079</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pchelnikov</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пчельников</surname><given-names>Александр Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Veterinary Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Epizootology and Organization of Veterinary Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р вет. наук, доцент, доцент кафедры эпизоотологии и организации ветеринарного дела</p></bio><email>vetdr-mom@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0426-9678</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yuzhakov</surname><given-names>Anton G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Южаков</surname><given-names>Антон Геннадиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher at the Interdepartmental Research Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской межкафедральной лаборатории</p></bio><email>anton_oskol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1851-8963</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhova</surname><given-names>Irina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махова</surname><given-names>Ирина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory assistant at the Interdepartmental Research Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант научно-исследовательской межкафедральной лаборатории</p></bio><email>makhovairinafvm@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MVA named after K.I. Skryabin</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Московская государственная академия ветеринарной медицины и биотехнологии – МВА имени К.И. Скрябина»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>70</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>551</fpage><lpage>558</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-04"><day>04</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Pchelnikov A.V., Yuzhakov A.G., Makhova I.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Пчельников А.В., Южаков А.Г., Махова И.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pchelnikov A.V., Yuzhakov A.G., Makhova I.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пчельников А.В., Южаков А.Г., Махова И.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16800">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16800</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Differentiation of vaccine strains and field isolates of bovine type 1 herpesvirus <italic>Varicellovirus bovinealpha1</italic> is an urgent task to improve the quality of diagnosis of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). There are several approaches to solve this problem. The most successful methods are those proposed by R.W. Fulton and S.K. Chothe in 2013 and 2018, respectively.</p> <p>The <bold>aim</bold> of the study is to test the methods proposed by R.W. Fulton and S.K. Chothe to study the possibility of their optimization and implementation in routine laboratory diagnostics of IBR in Russia.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>4 vaccine strains and 6 field isolates of the IBR virus were studied using PCR-based algorithms by R.W. Fulton and S.K. Chothe to determine the presence of single nucleotide substitutions at 11 control points of the virus genome in comparison with the nucleotide sequence of the reference strain Cooper JX898220.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>Both methods confirmed that the domestic strains of the IBR virus used for the production of inactivated vaccines originate from field isolates of the virus. Both the reference and modern epizootic isolates obtained by us and our colleagues at different times in Russia are epizootic strains that have no direct connection with the large-scale use of foreign vaccines, including live ones, both among our own indigenous livestock and among animals imported from abroad. None of the methods we tested allows us to distinguish between <italic>Varicellovirus bovinealpha1</italic> and <italic>Varicellovirus bovinealpha5</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>The methods proposed by R.W. Fulton (2013) and S.K. Chothe (2018) can be used to differentiate vaccine strains and field isolates of IBR virus only after our recommended preliminary differentiation of BoHV of types 1 and 5.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Дифференциация вакцинных штаммов и полевых изолятов герпесвируса крупного рогатого скота 1-го типа – <italic>Varicellovirus bovinealpha1</italic> – актуальная задача для повышения качества диагностики инфекционного ринотрахеита крупного рогатого скота (ИРТ КРС). Имеется несколько подходов для решения этой задачи. Наиболее удачными являются методики, предложенные R.W. Fulton и S.K. Chothe в 2013 и 2018 гг. соответственно.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования – </bold>отработка методик, предложенных R.W. Fulton и S.K. Chothe, для изучения возможности их оптимизации и внедрения в рутинную лабораторную диагностику ИРТ КРС в России.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Исследовали 4 вакцинных штамма и 6 полевых изолятов вируса ИРТ КРС с помощью молекулярно-генетических методов по алгоритмам R.W. Fulton и S.K. Chothe для выяснения наличия однонуклеотидных замен в 11 контрольных точках генома вируса в сравнении с нуклеотидной последовательностью референтного штамма Cooper JX898220.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Применение обоих методов подтвердило, что отечественные штаммы вируса ИРТ КРС, используемые для производства инактивированных вакцин, имеют происхождение от полевых изолятов вируса. Как референтные, так и современные эпизоотические изоляты, полученные нами и нашими коллегами в разное время в России, являются эпизоотическими штаммами, которые не имеют прямой связи с масштабным применением зарубежных вакцин, в том числе живых, как среди собственного коренного скота, так и среди животных, ввезенных из-за границы. Ни один из опробованных нами методов не позволяет различить <italic>Varicellovirus bovinealpha1 </italic>и<italic> Varicellovirus bovinealpha5</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Методики, предложенные R.W. Fulton (2013) и S.K. Chothe (2018), можно применять для дифференциации вакцинных штаммов и полевых изолятов вируса ИРТ КРС только после рекомендованной нами предварительной дифференциации герпесвирусов КРС 1-го и 5-го типов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bovine herpes virus</kwd><kwd>PCR</kwd><kwd>differentiation</kwd><kwd>vaccine strain</kwd><kwd>field isolate</kwd><kwd>BoHV-1</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус герпеса крупного рогатого скота</kwd><kwd>ПЦР</kwd><kwd>дифференциация</kwd><kwd>вакцинный штамм</kwd><kwd>полевой изолят</kwd><kwd>BoHV-1</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>25-26-00337</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Mayfield J.E., Good P.J., VanOort H.J., Campbell A.R., Reed D.E. 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