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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16753</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-316</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HHCKYL</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Recombinant VP1 protein of norovirus GII.4 (Caliciviridae: <italic>Norovirus</italic>) is capable to induse the production of cross-reacting antibodies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рекомбинантный VP1 норовируса генотипа GII.4 (Caliciviridae: <italic>Norovirus</italic>) способен индуцировать выработку перекрестно-реагирующих антител</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5905-5722</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapin</surname><given-names>Vladislav A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапин</surname><given-names>Владислав Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, laboratory of immunochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунохимии</p></bio><email>fridens.95@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7049-6935</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Leading Researcher, laboratory of immunochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунохимии</p></bio><email>novikov.dv75@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1033-7347</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashnikov</surname><given-names>Alexander Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кашников</surname><given-names>Александр Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral infections</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных инфекций</p></bio><email>mevirfc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7679-8029</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Epifanova</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Епифанова</surname><given-names>Наталия Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Leading Researcher, laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral infections</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных инфекций</p></bio><email>epifanovanv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3710-6648</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>Nadezhda A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>Надежда Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor. Head of the laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral infections</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующая лабораторией молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных инфекций</p></bio><email>novikova_na@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9742-7646</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mokhonova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мохонова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, laboratory of immunochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунохимии</p></bio><email>ekaterinamohonova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2441-6874</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Melentev</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мелентьев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, laboratory of immunochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунохимии</p></bio><email>dim-melente@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2811-6844</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsyganova</surname><given-names>Maria I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыганова</surname><given-names>Мария Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Leading Researcher, laboratory of immunochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунохимии</p></bio><email>maria_che@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-6924</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitsev</surname><given-names>Dmitry E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Lab Assistant, laboratory of immunochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший лаборант лаборатории иммунохимии</p></bio><email>mitya.zaitseff@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2449-7213</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>Viktor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>Виктор Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor. Head of the laboratory of immunochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующий лабораторией иммунохимии</p></bio><email>mbre@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Нижегородский НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. академика И.Н. Блохиной» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека (Роспотребнадзор)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>70</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>282</fpage><lpage>290</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-03"><day>03</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Lapin V.A., Novikov D.V., Kashnikov A.Y., Epifanova N.V., Novikova N.A., Mokhonova E.V., Melentev D.A., Tsyganova M.I., Zaitsev D.E., Novikov V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Лапин В.А., Новиков Д.В., Кашников А.Ю., Епифанова Н.В., Новикова Н.А., Мохонова Е.В., Мелентьев Д.А., Цыганова М.И., Зайцев Д.Е., Новиков В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lapin V.A., Novikov D.V., Kashnikov A.Y., Epifanova N.V., Novikova N.A., Mokhonova E.V., Melentev D.A., Tsyganova M.I., Zaitsev D.E., Novikov V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лапин В.А., Новиков Д.В., Кашников А.Ю., Епифанова Н.В., Новикова Н.А., Мохонова Е.В., Мелентьев Д.А., Цыганова М.И., Зайцев Д.Е., Новиков В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16753">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16753</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>Norovirus (NoV) is one of the main causes of acute gastroenteritis. Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent norovirus infection. Vaccines under development are based on the capsid protein VP1, which is capable of forming virus-like particles.</p> <p><bold>The aim </bold>of the work was to analyze the immunogenic properties of the recombinant VP1 protein of NoV GII.4.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>In the blood serum of animals immunized with the recombinant VP1 protein obtained by the authors, titers and avidity of total antibodies and IgM antibodies against NoV VP1 were determined using enzyme immunoassay. The ability of the obtained antibodies to interact with NoV of different genotypes was assessed using immunoelectron microscopy.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>The recombinant VP1 protein induced high titer antibody production in animals. Total antibodies against VP1 had a high avidity, reaching 100%, which suggests that they have viral neutralizing activity. IgM antibodies had low avidity. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that IgG antibodies against VP1 protein of genotype GII.4 interact with wild-type NoV of genotype GII.7 and GII.17.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The obtained recombinant protein induces a sufficiently strong immune response with the formation of high avidity polyclonal cross-reacting antibodies, which allows us to consider it as an antigen component of a NoV vaccine candidate.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Норовирусы (НВ) являются одной из основных причин острого гастроэнтерита. В настоящее время отсутствует лицензированная вакцина против норовирусной инфекции. Разрабатываемые вакцины основаны на капсидном белке VP1, способном к формированию вирусоподобных частиц.</p> <p><bold>Целью</bold> настоящей<bold> </bold>работы стала характеристика иммуногенных свойств рекомбинантного VP1 НВ и оценка перекрестной реактивности антител против него с различными геновариантами НВ.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>В сыворотке крови животных, иммунизированных полученным авторами рекомбинантным белком VP1, c помощью иммуноферментного анализа определяли титры и авидность суммарных антител и антител класса М (IgM) против VP1 HB. Способность полученных антител взаимодействовать с НВ разных генотипов оценивали с помощью иммуноэлектронной микроскопии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Рекомбинантный белок VP1 индуцировал образование у животных антител в высоких титрах. Суммарные антитела против VP1 имели высокую авидность, достигающую 100%, что предполагает наличие у них вируснейтрализующей активности. Антитела класса IgM обладали низкой авидностью. Методом иммуноэлектронной микроскопиии показано, что IgG-антитела против VP1 генотипа GII.4 взаимодействуют с НВ генотипа GII.7 и GII.17.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученный рекомбинантный белок индуцирует выраженный иммунный ответ с формированием высокоавидных поликлональных перекрестно-реагирующих антител, что позволяет рассматривать его как антигенный компонент прототипа кандидатной вакцины против НВ человека.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>norovirus</kwd><kwd>recombinant norovirus VP1</kwd><kwd>antibodies against norovirus VP1</kwd><kwd>vaccine</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>норовирус</kwd><kwd>рекомбинантный VP1 норовируса</kwd><kwd>антитела против VP1 норовируса</kwd><kwd>вакцина</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sergevnin V.I. 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