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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16744</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-281</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">qoqqce</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic diversity of Vif protein in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants (Retroviridae: <italic>Orthoretrovirinae: Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus-1</italic>) that circulated in the Moscow region in 2019–2020</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетическое разнообразие белка Vif у вариантов вируса иммунодефицита человека 1-го типа (Retroviridae: <italic>Orthoretrovirinae: Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus-1</italic>), циркулировавших в Московской области в 2019‒2020 гг.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9180-9846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Antonova</surname><given-names>Anastasiia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антонова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Researcher, Laboratory of T-lymphotropic viruses</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории вирусов лейкозов</p></bio><email>anastaseika95@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0430-1578</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Protasova</surname><given-names>Larisa A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Протасова</surname><given-names>Лариса Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>research assistant, Laboratory of T-lymphotropic viruses</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаборатории вирусов лейкозов</p></bio><email>larisa.protasova.03@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4150-2280</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Kristina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ким</surname><given-names>Кристина Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of T-lymphotropic viruses</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научных сотрудник лаборатории вирусов лейкозов</p></bio><email>kimsya99@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4792-8928</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Munchak</surname><given-names>Iana M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мунчак</surname><given-names>Яна Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of T-lymphotropic viruses</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории вирусов лейкозов</p></bio><email>yana_munchak@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3110-0843</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mezhenskaya</surname><given-names>Ekaterina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меженская</surname><given-names>Екатерина Никитична</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Researcher, Laboratory of T-lymphotropic viruses</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории вирусов лейкозов </p></bio><email>belokopytova.01@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2495-6501</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Orlova-Morozova</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орлова-Морозова</surname><given-names>Елена Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Head of outpatient department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, заведующая амбулаторно-поликлиническим отделением</p></bio><email>orlovamorozova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9268-4929</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pronin</surname><given-names>Alexander Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пронин</surname><given-names>Александр Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Chief Physician</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, главный врач</p></bio><email>alexanderp909@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8755-1419</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prilipov</surname><given-names>Alexey G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прилипов</surname><given-names>Алексей Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, leading researcher, head of the laboratory of molecular genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующий лабораторией молекулярной генетики </p></bio><email>a_prilipov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5299-3081</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsova</surname><given-names>Anna I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецова</surname><given-names>Анна Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of laboratory of T-lymphotropic viruses, PhD, leading researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующая лаборатории вирусов лейкозов, канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>a-myznikova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт вирусологии им. Д.И. Ивановского ФГБУ «Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почетного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ Московской области «Центр профилактики и борьбы со СПИД»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>70</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>117</fpage><lpage>132</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-19"><day>19</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-19"><day>19</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Antonova A.A., Protasova L.A., Kim K.V., Munchak I.M., Mezhenskaya E.N., Orlova-Morozova E.A., Pronin A.Y., Prilipov A.G., Kuznetsova A.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Антонова А.А., Протасова Л.А., Ким К.В., Мунчак Я.М., Меженская Е.Н., Орлова-Морозова Е.А., Пронин А.Ю., Прилипов А.Г., Кузнецова А.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Antonova A.A., Protasova L.A., Kim K.V., Munchak I.M., Mezhenskaya E.N., Orlova-Morozova E.A., Pronin A.Y., Prilipov A.G., Kuznetsova A.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Антонова А.А., Протасова Л.А., Ким К.В., Мунчак Я.М., Меженская Е.Н., Орлова-Морозова Е.А., Пронин А.Ю., Прилипов А.Г., Кузнецова А.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16744">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16744</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> The Vif protein counteracts cellular deaminases, APOBEC3, which prevent viral replication. Vif is used for development of therapeutic agents. Natural polymorphisms in Vif can affect its functionality and may be associated with accelerated progression of HIV-infection to the AIDS. The study of Vif features in HIV-1 variants circulating in Russia has not been conducted previously.</p> <p><bold>The aim of the study:</bold> to study the genetic diversity of Vif in the HIV-1 variants that circulated in the Moscow region in 2019–2020.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> 234 whole blood samples obtained from HIV-infected patients without experience of therapy were analyzed. The study design included the following stages: extraction of proviral DNA, amplification of the <italic>vif </italic>gene, sequencing, identification of genetic variants, followed by a study of consensus sequences of the most common genetic variants of HIV-1, analysis of the conservation and genetic diversity of Vif-A6 (Vif protein of HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 variants) in patients with different stages of the disease, and assessment of genetic diversity of Vif-A6 in the Moscow region.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> A high degree of genetic diversity of <italic>vif</italic> gene was revealed. Consensus sequences of Vif in B and CRF63_02A6 variants were obtained for the first time. Characteristic substitutions in the consensus sequences were determined for the most common HIV-1 variants.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The limitation of this study is the small sample of B and CRF63_02A6. The results obtained may be of interest and may be taken into account in the development of therapeutic agents based on the Vif protein, as well as in the study of the pathogenicity of HIV-1 sub-subtype A6.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Белок Vif вируса иммунодефицита человека 1-го типа (ВИЧ-1) является фактором вирусной инфекционности и противодействует клеточным дезаминазам семейства APOBEC3, препятствующим репликации вируса. На основе белка Vif ведутся разработки для создания терапевтических средств. Природные замены в белке Vif могут влиять на его функциональность и ассоциироваться с ускоренным переходом ВИЧ-инфекции в стадию СПИДа. Изучение особенностей белка Vif у вариантов ВИЧ-1, циркулирующих в России, ранее не проводилось.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы: </bold>изучить генетическое разнообразие белка Vif вариантов ВИЧ-1, циркулировавших в Московской области в 2019‒2020 гг.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Проанализировано<bold> </bold>234<bold> </bold>образца цельной крови ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов без опыта приема антиретровирусной терапии. Дизайн исследования включал следующие стадии: экстракция провирусной ДНК, амплификация гена <italic>vif</italic>, секвенирование продуктов амплификации, определение генетических вариантов полученных нуклеотидных последовательностей; затем проводили исследование консенсусных последовательностей белка Vif наиболее распространенных генетических вариантов ВИЧ-1, анализ консервативности и генетического разнообразия белка Vif-А6 (белок Vif вариантов ВИЧ-1 суб-субтипа А6) у пациентов с разными стадиями заболевания, оценку генетического разнобразия белка Vif-А6 в Московской области.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Проведена оценка генетического разнообразия ВИЧ-1 в области генома, кодирующего белок Vif, – выявлено большое генетическое разнообразие, включающее в себя ВИЧ-1 чистых субтипов (A6, B и G), а также его рекомбинантных форм (CRF63_02A6). Впервые получены консенсусные последовательности белка Vif генетических вариантов ВИЧ-1 – B и CRF63_02A6, циркулирующих на территории Российской Федерации. Для наиболее распространенных в России вариантов ВИЧ-1 определены характерные замены в консенсусных последовательностях.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Ограничением исследования является небольшая выборка последовательностей, принадлежащих генетическим вариантам B и CRF63_02A6 ВИЧ-1. Полученные результаты могут быть интересны и учтены при разработке терапевтических средств на основе белка Vif, а также при изучении вопросов патогенности ВИЧ-1 суб-субтипа А6.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV-1</kwd><kwd>Vif</kwd><kwd>sub-subtype А6</kwd><kwd>subtype В</kwd><kwd>CRF63_02A6</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ-1</kwd><kwd>Vif</kwd><kwd>суб-субтип А6</kwd><kwd>субтип В</kwd><kwd>CRF63_02A6</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-15-00027</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rose K.M., Marin M., Kozak S.L., Kabat D. The viral infectivity factor (Vif) of HIV-1 unveiled. Trends Mol. 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