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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16718</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-294</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">vfpkwg</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic diversity of human metapneumovirus (Pneumoviridae: <italic>Metapneumovirus</italic>) in Russia: results of molecular analysis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетическое разнообразие метапневмовируса человека (Pneumoviridae: <italic>Metapneumovirus</italic>) в России: результаты молекулярного анализа</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3558-3261</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fadeev</surname><given-names>Artem V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фадеев</surname><given-names>Артём Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной вирусологии </p></bio><email>artem.fadeev@influenza.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0187-4000</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Yan V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Ян Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2<sup>nd</sup> year PhD student, Laboratory of Molecular Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант 2-го года обучения лаборатории молекулярной вирусологии ФГБУ </p></bio><email>ivanov.yan.vladimirovich@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8527-7946</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrova</surname><given-names>Polina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрова</surname><given-names>Полина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of influenza viruses’ evolutionary variability</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории эволюционной изменчивости вирусов гриппа </p></bio><email>suddenkovapolina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5961-1856</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Perederiy</surname><given-names>Alexander A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Передерий</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory research assistant, Laboratory of Molecular Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаборатории молекулярной вирусологии </p></bio><email>gilagalex@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1499-9957</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pisareva</surname><given-names>Maria M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Писарева</surname><given-names>Мария Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in biology, leading researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной вирусологии </p></bio><email>maria.pisareva@influenza.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1182-8247</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moshkin</surname><given-names>Alexey D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мошкин</surname><given-names>Алексей Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник </p></bio><email>alex.moshkin727@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1733-1255</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Komissarov</surname><given-names>Andrey B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комиссаров</surname><given-names>Андрей Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующий лабораторией молекулярной вирусологии </p></bio><email>andrey.komissarov@influenza.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6174-0836</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilenko</surname><given-names>Daria M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даниленко</surname><given-names>Дарья Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in biology, Deputy Director for Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, заместитель директора по научной работе </p></bio><email>daria.danilenko@influenza.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3643-7354</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lioznov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лиознов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medicine Sciences, Professor, Director </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, директор </p></bio><email>dmitry.lioznov@influenza.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.A. Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НИИ гриппа им. А.А. Смородинцева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт вирусологии ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>70</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>164</fpage><lpage>176</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-13"><day>13</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Fadeev A.V., Ivanov Y.V., Petrova P.A., Perederiy A.A., Pisareva M.M., Moshkin A.D., Komissarov A.B., Danilenko D.M., Lioznov D.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Фадеев А.В., Иванов Я.В., Петрова П.А., Передерий А.А., Писарева М.М., Мошкин А.Д., Комиссаров А.Б., Даниленко Д.М., Лиознов Д.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fadeev A.V., Ivanov Y.V., Petrova P.A., Perederiy A.A., Pisareva M.M., Moshkin A.D., Komissarov A.B., Danilenko D.M., Lioznov D.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фадеев А.В., Иванов Я.В., Петрова П.А., Передерий А.А., Писарева М.М., Мошкин А.Д., Комиссаров А.Б., Даниленко Д.М., Лиознов Д.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16718">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16718</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) holds significant epidemiological importance, being a dominant cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children under two years of age and individuals over 65. Multiple infections with hMPV throughout a person’s life are possible due to the antigenic and genetic variability of the virus. However, the genetic variability of hMPV circulating in Russia remains unexplored.</p> <p><bold>Aim of the study.</bold> The aim of this study was to test a protocol for whole-genome sequencing of hMPV to assess the genetic diversity of metapneumoviruses circulating in certain regions of Russia.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from patients of different ages with acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) tested positive for hMPV using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). From some of the samples, viral isolates were obtained in cell culture. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on both swabs and isolates using the MiSeq Illumina platform, followed by phylogenetic analysis.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>For the first time in Russia, whole-genome sequencing of 44 hMPV strains circulating from 2017 to 2024 was conducted. Their genetic group affiliation was described, with the A2b2 clade shown to dominate. It was confirmed that the greatest variability among genes encoding viral surface proteins was observed in the G gene, while changes in the F gene were minimal during the studied period.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The study provides insights into the genetic diversity of hMPV strains circulating in various regions of the Russian Federation. Understanding the genetic variability of hMPV is crucial for comprehending viral evolution, transmission dynamics, and mechanisms of immune evasion, which influence the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность</bold>. Метапневмовирус человека (<italic>Human metapneumovirus</italic>, hMPV) имеет большое эпидемиологическое значение, являясь доминирующей причиной инфекций нижних дыхательных путей у детей младше 2 лет и лиц старше 65 лет. Возможно многократное инфицирование hMPV в течение жизни человека ввиду антигенной и генетической изменчивости возбудителя. При этом генетическая изменчивость hMPV, циркулирующих в России, остается неизученной.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> <bold>работы.</bold> Апробация протокола полногеномного секвенирования hMPV для оценки генетического разнообразия метапневмовирусов, циркулирующих в отдельных субъектах России.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Исследовали назофарингеальные мазки от пациентов разного возраста с острыми респираторными вирусными инфекциями, положительные в полимеразной цепной реакции на hMPV. Из части образцов вирус выделяли на клеточной культуре. На платформе Illumina MiSeq проведено полногеномное секвенирование вирусов hMPV из мазков и изолятов с последующим филогенетическим анализом.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Впервые в России проведено полногеномное секвенирование 44 hMPV, циркулировавших в период с 2017 по 2024 г., описана их принадлежность к генетическим группам, показано доминирование клайда A2b2. Подтверждено, что наибольшее разнообразие в генах, кодирующих поверхностные белки вируса, отмечено для гена <italic>G</italic>, в то время как в гене <italic>F</italic> в изучаемый период изменения были минимальны.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Проведенное исследование дает представление о генетическом разнообразии вирусов hMPV, циркулирующих в отдельных субъектах Российской Федерации. Изучение генетической изменчивости hMPV имеет решающее значение для понимания вирусной эволюции, динамики передачи и механизмов иммунного ускользания, которые влияют на разработку вакцин и противовирусных препаратов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>human metapneumovirus</kwd><kwd>whole-genome sequencing</kwd><kwd>genetic variability</kwd><kwd>gene F</kwd><kwd>gene G</kwd><kwd>duplications</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метапневмовирус человека</kwd><kwd>полногеномное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>генетическая изменчивость</kwd><kwd>ген F</kwd><kwd>ген G</kwd><kwd>дупликации</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>TVKQ-2025-0005</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Uddin S., Thomas M. 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