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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16662</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-253</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">vpecfj</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of the effectiveness of chemical inactivation and immunogenicity of the Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка эффективности химической инактивации и иммуногенности варианта Омикрон вируса SARS-CoV-2</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5382-831X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhapparova</surname><given-names>Gulzhan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жаппарова</surname><given-names>Гулжан Амировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>master of biology, senior researcher of the laboratory Especially Dangerous Infectious Diseases</p>
<p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр биологии, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории «Особо опасные инфекционные заболевания»</p></bio><email>Gulzhan1003@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4141-7174</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Myrzakhmetova</surname><given-names>Balzhan S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мырзахметова</surname><given-names>Балжан Шайзадаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>candidate of biological sciences, head of the laboratory Especially Dangerous Infectious Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук,<bold> </bold>заведующая лабораторией «Особо опасные инфекционные заболевания»</p></bio><email>b.myrzakhmetova@biosafety.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7831-4212</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tlenchiyeva</surname><given-names>Talshyngul M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тленчиева</surname><given-names>Талшынгул Муратовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>master of chemistry, senior researcher of the laboratory Especially Dangerous Infectious Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр химии, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории «Особо опасные инфекционные заболевания»</p></bio><email>t.m.tlenchieva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7767-0542</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tussipova</surname><given-names>Aiganym A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тусипова</surname><given-names>Айганым Айткаликызы</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>master of Natural Sciences,<bold> </bold>senior laboratory assistant of the laboratory Especially Dangerous Infectious Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр естественных наук, старший лаборант лаборатории «Особо опасные инфекционные заболевания»</p></bio><email>aiganym.t24@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5788-6074</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bissenbayeva</surname><given-names>Karina B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бисенбаева</surname><given-names>Карина Бисенбаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>master of biology, senior researcher of the laboratory Especially Dangerous Infectious Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр биологии, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории «Особо опасные инфекционные заболевания»</p></bio><email>bisenbayeva.karina@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9526-3539</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Toytanova</surname><given-names>Aizhan S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тойтанова</surname><given-names>Айжан Сейткаримовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>master of biology, senior researcher of the laboratory Especially Dangerous Infectious Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр биологии, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории «Особо опасные инфекционные заболевания»</p></bio><email>aizhana-1308@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-0673</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutumbetov</surname><given-names>Lespek B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутумбетов</surname><given-names>Леспек Бекболатович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of veterinary sciences, professor, chief researcher of the laboratory Especially Dangerous Infectious Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р вет. наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории «Особо опасные инфекционные заболевания»</p></bio><email>lespek.k@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ТОО «Научно-исследовательский институт проблем биологической безопасности»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-11-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>69</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>459</fpage><lpage>469</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-19"><day>19</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Zhapparova G.A., Myrzakhmetova B.S., Tlenchiyeva T.M., Tussipova A.A., Bissenbayeva K.B., Toytanova A.S., Kutumbetov L.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Жаппарова Г.А., Мырзахметова Б.Ш., Тленчиева Т.М., Тусипова А.А., Бисенбаева К.Б., Тойтанова А.С., Кутумбетов Л.Б.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhapparova G.A., Myrzakhmetova B.S., Tlenchiyeva T.M., Tussipova A.A., Bissenbayeva K.B., Toytanova A.S., Kutumbetov L.B.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Жаппарова Г.А., Мырзахметова Б.Ш., Тленчиева Т.М., Тусипова А.А., Бисенбаева К.Б., Тойтанова А.С., Кутумбетов Л.Б.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16662">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16662</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> The rapid spread of coronavirus infection COVID-19 among the population of many countries around the world has contributed to the emergence of many genetic variants of SARS-CoV-2. Compared to previous coronavirus variants, the new Omicron variants have shown a noticeable degree of mutation. Virus inactivation is one of the most important steps in the development of inactivated vaccines. The chemical inactivation agents currently used are β-propiolactone and formaldehyde, but there is no uniform standard for designing and specifying the inactivation process.</p> <p><bold>Objective. </bold>Evaluation and comparison of the effectiveness of chemical inactivation of two agents, formaldehyde and β-propiolactone against immunogenicity of the Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>Nasopharyngeal swabs were used to obtain the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant virus. Vero cell culture was used to isolate, reproduce, titrate the virus, and perform a neutralization reaction. The kinetics of studying the inactivation of the virus by chemical agents such as formaldehyde and β-propiolactone was carried out.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>Studies have been conducted to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of chemical agents used to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus of the Omicron variant, planned for use in the production of an inactivated whole-virion vaccine. Formaldehyde and β-propiolactone were used as inactivation agents in concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5% of the total volume of the virus suspension. It has been established that complete inactivation of the virus by formaldehyde in the concentrations used at a temperature of 37 °C occurs within up to 2 hours, and when using beta-propiolactone, within up to 12 hours.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>Inactivated virus samples have different antigenic activity depending on the concentration of the inactivation agents used. The most pronounced antigenic activity is manifested in samples of the pathogen that were treated with an inactivation agent at a mild concentration of 0.05%. Increasing the concentration of inactivation agent by 5 or more times leads to a significant decrease in the antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. With the inactivation modes used, the loss of biological activity of the virus occurs faster and antigenicity is retained largely when treated with formaldehyde.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Быстрое распространение новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19) среди населения многих стран мира способствовало появлению множества генетических вариантов вируса SARS-CoV-2. По сравнению с предыдущими вариантами коронавируса, новые субварианты варианта Омикрон продемонстрировали заметную степень мутации. Инактивация вируса является одним из наиболее важных этапов разработки инактивированных вакцин. В качестве химического инактиванта в настоящее время используют β-пропиолактон и формальдегид, однако не существует единого стандарта для проектирования и определения процесса инактивации.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы. </bold>Оценка и сравнение эффективности химической инактивации двух агентов: формальдегида и β-пропиолактона в отношении иммуногенности варианта Омикрон вируса SARS-CoV-2.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Для получения варианта Омикрон вируса SARS-CoV-2 использованы назофарингеальные мазки. Для выделения, репродукции, титрования вируса, а также постановки реакции нейтрализации использовали культуру клеток Vero. Проведена кинетика изучения инактивации вируса химическими агентами: формальдегидом и β-пропиолактоном.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Проведены исследования по сравнительной оценке эффективности химических инактивантов, используемых для инактивации варианта Омикрон вируса SARS-CoV-2, планируемого для использования в изготовлении инактивированной цельновирионной вакцины. В качестве инактивантов использованы формальдегид и β-пропиолактон в концентрациях 0,05, 0,1, 0,5% от общего объема суспензии вируса. Установлено, что полная инактивация вируса формальдегидом в использованных концентрациях при температуре 37 °С происходит в течение 2 ч, а при использовании β-пропиолактона ‒ в течение 12 ч.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Образцы вируса, инактивированные использованными инактивантами, обладают разной антигенной активностью в зависимости от концентрации инактивантов. Наиболее выраженная антигенная активность проявляется у образцов возбудителя, которые подвергались обработке инактивантом в щадящей концентрации, равной 0,05%. Повышение концентрации инактивантов в 5 раз и более кратно приводит к значимому снижению антигенности вируса SARS-CoV-2. При использованных режимах инактивации потеря биологической активности вируса происходит быстрее, антигенность сохраняется в большей степени при обработке формальдегидом.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>inactivation</kwd><kwd>immunogenicity</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2 virus</kwd><kwd>Omicron variant</kwd><kwd>formaldehyde</kwd><kwd>β-propiolactone</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инактивация</kwd><kwd>иммуногенность</kwd><kwd>вирус SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>вариант Омикрон</kwd><kwd>формальдегид</kwd><kwd>β-пропиолактон</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения Республики Казахстан</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Han Q., Lin Q., Jin S., You L. 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