<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">13151</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-182</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">naxnli</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Molecular and biological properties of the African swine fever virus (Asfarviridae: <italic>Asfivirus</italic>) isolate ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярно-биологические свойства изолята вируса африканской чумы свиней (Asfarviridae: <italic>Asfivirus</italic>) ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9884-1841</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shotin</surname><given-names>Andrey R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шотин</surname><given-names>Андрей Романович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Science (Veterinary Medicine), Researcher, Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат ветеринарных наук, научный сотрудник референтной лаборатории по африканской чуме свиней</p></bio><email>shotin@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3604-7161</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernyshev</surname><given-names>Roman S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернышев</surname><given-names>Роман Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, Veterinarian, Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, ветеринарный врач референтной лаборатории по африканской чуме свиней</p></bio><email>chernishev_rs@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0955-9586</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozova</surname><given-names>Elizaveta O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозова</surname><given-names>Елизавета Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, Biologist, Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, биолог референтной лаборатории по африканской чуме свиней</p></bio><email>morozova_eo@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5438-8026</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Igolkin</surname><given-names>Alexey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иголкин</surname><given-names>Алексей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Science (Veterinary Medicine), Head of Reference Laboratory for African swine fever</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат ветеринарных наук, заведующий референтной лабораторией по африканской чуме свиней</p></bio><email>igolkin_as@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3159-1969</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gruzdev</surname><given-names>Konstantin N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Груздев</surname><given-names>Константин Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Science (Biology), Professor, Chief Researcher, Information and Analysis Centre</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор биологических наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник информационно-аналитического центра</p></bio><email>gruzdev@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4692-1297</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolbin</surname><given-names>Ivan S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колбин</surname><given-names>Иван Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, Veterinarian, Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, ветеринарный врач референтной лаборатории по африканской чуме свиней</p></bio><email>kolbin@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0552-3812</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lavrentiev</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лаврентьев</surname><given-names>Иван Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, Leading Veterinarian, Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, ведущий ветеринарный врач референтной лаборатории по африканской чуме свиней</p></bio><email>lavrentev@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5982-8393</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazloum</surname><given-names>Ali</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазлум</surname><given-names>Али</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Science (Biology), Senior Researcher, Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник референтной лаборатории по африканской чуме свиней</p></bio><email>mazlum@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Center for Animal Health (ARRIAH)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Федеральный центр охраны здоровья животных»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>68</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>302</fpage><lpage>314</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-06-27"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Shotin A.R., Chernyshev R.S., Morozova E.O., Igolkin A.S., Gruzdev K.N., Kolbin I.S., Lavrentiev I.A., Mazloum A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Шотин А.Р., Чернышев Р.С., Морозова Е.О., Иголкин А.С., Груздев К.Н., Колбин И.С., Лаврентьев И.А., Мазлум А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shotin A.R., Chernyshev R.S., Morozova E.O., Igolkin A.S., Gruzdev K.N., Kolbin I.S., Lavrentiev I.A., Mazloum A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шотин А.Р., Чернышев Р.С., Морозова Е.О., Иголкин А.С., Груздев К.Н., Колбин И.С., Лаврентьев И.А., Мазлум А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/13151">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/13151</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>Up-to-date data and full characterization of circulating ASFV isolates play a crucial role in virus eradication and control in endemic regions and countries.</p> <p><bold>The aim </bold>of the study was to evaluate and characterize the molecular and biological properties of the ASFV isolate ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276, conduct phylogenetic analysis, and compare the results with isolates circulating in Europe and Asia.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>For bioassay, eight heads of the Large White pigs weighing 15–20 kg/head were used. Detection of specific anti-ASFV antibodies by ELISA and immunoperoxidase method. Detection of ASFV genome was performed by qPCR. Isolation of ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276 and determination of titer were performed in pig spleen cell culture. Sequencing was carried out by the Sanger method.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>The virus was characterized as highly virulent and capable of causing acute to subacute forms of ASF. Phylogenetic analysis revealed substitutions in the genome of the ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276 isolate (IGR/I73R-I329L and I267L markers) that supported the clustering of the studied variant with isolates prevalent in most of Europe and Asia.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>For the first time, the molecular and biological properties of the ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276 virus isolate taken from a wild boar shot on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan were studied and analyzed.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Успех искоренения африканской чумы свиней (АЧС) в неблагополучной стране в целом или конкретном регионе в частности зависит от многих факторов, включая наличие актуальных данных о циркулирующих изолятах возбудителя.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы</bold> – охарактеризовать молекулярно-биологические свойства изолята вируса АЧС ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276 и провести его сравнительный анализ с изолятами из Европы и Азии.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>При проведении биологической пробы использовали 8 голов свиней крупной белой породы массой 15–20 кг/гол. Исследования на наличие специфических антител к вирусу АЧС в образцах сыворотки крови проводили иммуноферментным и иммунопероксидазным методами, генома возбудителя – методом полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени. Выделение изолята вируса АЧС ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276 и определение титра вируса осуществляли в культуре клеток селезенки свиней. Секвенирование маркерных областей генома изолята выполняли по методу Сэнгера.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В ходе работы вирус был охарактеризован как высоковирулентный, способный вызывать АЧС от острой до подострой формы. Выявленные при проведении филогенетического анализа (по маркерам IGR/I73R-I329L и I267L) замены в геноме изолята ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276 позволили объединить изучаемый вариант с изолятами, распространенными на большей части Европы и Азии.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Впервые изучены молекулярно-биологические свойства изолята вируса АЧС ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276, выделенного из селезенки от отстрелянного дикого кабана на территории Республики Татарстан.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>African swine fever</kwd><kwd>Republic of Tatarstan</kwd><kwd>biological sample</kwd><kwd>biological properties</kwd><kwd>molecular genetic analysis</kwd><kwd>phylogenetic analysis</kwd><kwd>dendrogram</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>африканская чума свиней</kwd><kwd>Республика Татарстан</kwd><kwd>биологическая проба</kwd><kwd>биологические свойства</kwd><kwd>молекулярно-генетический анализ</kwd><kwd>филогенетический анализ</kwd><kwd>дендрограмма</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-15-2021-1054</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Igolkin A.S., Karaulov A.K., Gruzdev K.N. African swine fever, 2020 In: Proceedings of the All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine named after Y.R. Kovalenko. Volume 82 [Trudy Vserossiyskogo NII eksperimental’noy veterinarii im. Ya.R. Kovalenko. Tom 82]. Moscow; 2021: 58–64. https://doi.org/10.31016/viev-2021-18-8 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иголкин А.С., Караулов А.К., Груздев К.Н. Африканская чума свиней, 2020 г. В кн.: Труды Всероссийского НИИ экспериментальной ветеринарии им. Я.Р. Коваленко. Том 82. М.; 2021: 58–64. https://doi.org/10.31016/viev-2021-18-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shotin A.R., Zhukov I.Yu., Pershin A.S., Mazlum A., Shevchenko I.V., Igolkin A.S., et al. Effect of pig serum storage conditions on detection of anti-ASFV antibodies by ELISA. Veterinariya segodnya. 2021; (3): 216–23. https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196X-2021-3-38-216-223 https://elibrary.ru/sfvomt (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шотин А.Р., Жуков И.Ю., Першин А.С., Мазлум А., Шевченко И.В., Иголкин А.С. и др. Влияние условий хранения сывороток крови свиней на выявление антител к вирусу АЧС методом ИФА. Ветеринария сегодня. 2021; (3): 216–23. https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196X-2021-3-38-216-223 https://elibrary.ru/sfvomt</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shotin A.R., Igolkin A.S., Mazlum A., Shevchenko I.V., Bardina N.S., Morozova E.O., et al. African swine fever in the Primorsky Krai: disease situation and molecular and biological properties of the isolate recovered from a wild boar long bone. Veterinariya segodnya. 2022; 11(4): 347–58. https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196X-2022-11-4-347-358 https://elibrary.ru/uhggjy (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шотин А.Р., Иголкин А.С., Мазлум А., Шевченко И.В., Бардина Н.С., Морозова Е.О. и др. Африканская чума свиней в Приморском крае: эпизоотическая ситуация и молекулярно-биологические свойства изолята, выделенного из трубчатой кости от дикого кабана. Ветеринария сегодня. 2022; 11(4): 347–58. https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196X-2022-11-4-347-358 https://elibrary.ru/uhggjy</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balyshev V.M., Vlasov M.E., Imatdinov A.R., Titov I.A., Morgunov S.Yu., Malogolovkin A.S. Biological properties and molecular genetic characteristics of the African swine fever virus, isolated in 2016-2017 in various regions of the Russian Federation. Rossiyskaya sel’skokhozyaystvennaya nauka. 2018; (4): 54–7. https://doi.org/10.31857/S250026270000536-4 https://elibrary.ru/yamjtn (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балышев В.М., Власов М.Е., Иматдинов А.Р., Титов И.А., Моргунов С.Ю., Малоголовкин А.С. Биологические свойства и молекулярно-генетическая характеристика вируса африканской чумы свиней, выделенного в 2016-2017 гг. в различных регионах Российской Федерации. Российская сельскохозяйственная наука. 2018; (4): 54–7. https://doi.org/10.31857/S250026270000536-4 https://elibrary.ru/yamjtn</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolgova M.V., Morgunov Yu.P., Vasil’ev A.P., Balyshev V.M. Biological characteristics of African swine fever virus isolates detected in the Russian Federation in 2012. Aktual’nye voprosy veterinarnoy biologii. 2013; (4): 26–30. https://elibrary.ru/rppyxf (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Болгова М.В., Моргунов Ю.П., Васильев А.П., Балышев В.М. Биологические свойства изолятов вируса африканской чумы свиней, выделенных в Российской Федерации в 2012 г. Актуальные вопросы ветеринарной биологии. 2013; (4): 26–30. https://elibrary.ru/rppyxf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlasov M.E., Sibgatullova A.K., Balyshev V.M. The course of disease in pigs infected with ASF virus isolates, obtained in different regions of the Russian Federation. Veterinariya. 2019; (4): 15–9. https://doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2019.22.4.15-19 https://elibrary.ru/eohxkh (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Власов М.Е., Сибгатуллова А.К., Балышев В.М. Особенности течения африканской чумы у свиней, инфицированных изолятами вируса АЧС, выделенными в Российской Федерации. Ветеринария. 2019; (4): 15–9. https://doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2019.22.4.15-19 https://elibrary.ru/eohxkh</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlasov M.E. Clinical manifestations and disease pathological changes in pigs infected with ASF virus isolates from wild boars. Politematicheskiy setevoy elektronnyy nauchnyy zhurnal Kubanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta. 2017; (134): 1055–65. https://doi.org/10.21515/1990-4665-134-086 https://elibrary.ru/ynwynm (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Власов М.Е. Клинические проявления болезни и патологоанатомические изменения у свиней, инфицированных изолятами вируса АЧС, выделенными от кабанов. Политематический сетевой электронный научный журнал Кубанского государственного аграрного университета. 2017; (134): 1055–65. https://doi.org/10.21515/1990-4665-134-086 https://elibrary.ru/ynwynm</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Pershin A., Shevchenko I., Igolkin A., Zhukov I., Mazloum A., Aronova E., et al. A long-term study of the biological properties of ASF virus isolates originating from various regions of the Russian Federation in 2013–2018. Vet. Sci. 2019; 6(4): 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6040099 https://elibrary.ru/eybfvu</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Remyga S.G., Pershin A.S., Shevchenko I.V., Igolkin A.S., Shevtsov A.A. Clinical and post-mortem signs in European wild boars and domestic pigs infected with African swine fever virus. Veterinariya segodnya. 2016; (3): 46–51. https://elibrary.ru/wwrlmf (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ремыга С.Г., Першин А.С., Шевченко И.В., Иголкин А.С., Шевцов А.А. Клинические и патологоанатомические изменения у диких европейских кабанов и домашних свиней при заражении вирусом африканской чумы свиней. Ветеринария сегодня. 2016; (3): 46–51. https://elibrary.ru/wwrlmf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukov I.Yu. Biological properties of African swine fever virus isolates and features of the course of the disease during experimental infection: Diss. Vladimir; 2018. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жуков И.Ю. Биологические свойства изолятов вируса африканской чумы свиней и особенности течения болезни при экспериментальном заражении: Автореф. дисс. … канд. биол. наук. Владимир; 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevchenko I.V. Biological properties and analysis of complete genomes of Russian isolates of African swine fever virus isolated in 2013-2014: Diss. Vladimir; 2017. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевченко И.В. Биологические свойства и анализ полных геномов российских изолятов вируса африканской чумы свиней, выделенных в 2013-2014 гг.: Автореф. дисс. … канд. биол. наук. Владимир; 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Events management / WAHIS / https://wahis.woah.org/#/event-management (дата обращения: 06.02.2022)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Events management / WAHIS / https://wahis.woah.org/#/event-management (дата обращения: 06.02.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Desmecht D., Gerbier G., Gortázar Schmidt C., Grigaliuniene V., Helyes G., Kantere M., et al. Epidemiological analysis of African swine fever in the European Union (September 2019 to August 2020). EFSA J. 2021; 19(5): e06572. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6572</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karaulov A.K., Shevtsov A.A., Petrova O.N., Korennoy F.I., Gulenkin V.M. ASF epizootics on the territory of the Russian Federation: forecast of the situation for 2021 and recommendations on measures to contain it. BIO. 2021; (2): 14–21. https://elibrary.ru/jqnqdk (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Караулов А.К., Шевцов А.А., Петрова О.Н., Коренной Ф.И., Гуленкин В.М. Эпизоотия АЧС на территории Российской Федерации: прогноз развития ситуации на 2021 год и рекомендации по мерам ее сдерживания. БИО. 2021; (2): 14–21. https://elibrary.ru/jqnqdk</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrova O.N., Korennoy F.I., Karaulov A.K. Epizootics of African swine fever in the territory of the Russian Federation: damage assessment based on generalized data on the epizootic situation for 2007-2020. BIO. 2021; (3): 18–22. https://elibrary.ru/afppww (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петрова О.Н., Коренной Ф.И., Караулов А.К. Эпизоотия африканской чумы свиней на территории Российской Федерации: оценка ущерба на основании обобщенных данных об эпизоотической ситуации за 2007–2020 гг. БИО. 2021; (3): 18–22. https://elibrary.ru/afppww</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Mazloum A., van Schalkwyk A., Chernyshev R., Igolkin A., Heath L., Sprygin A. A guide to molecular characterization of genotype II African swine fever virus: essential and alternative genome markers. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(3): 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030642</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Vilem A., Nurmoja I., Niine T., Riit T., Nieto R., Viltrop A., et al. Molecular characterization of African swine fever virus isolates in Estonia in 2014–2019. Pathogens. 2020; 9(7): 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070582</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Phologane S.B., Bastos A.D., Penrith M.L. Intra- and inter-genotypic size variation in the central variable region of the 9RL open reading frame of diverse African swine fever viruses. Virus Genes. 2005; 31(3): 357–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-005-3254-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Nix R.J., Gallardo C., Hutchings G., Blanco E., Dixon L.K. Molecular epidemiology of African swine fever virus studied by analysis of four variable genome regions. Arch. Virol. 2006; 151(12): 2475–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-006-0794-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Rowlands R.J., Michaud V., Heath L., Hutchings G., Oura C., Vosloo W., et al. African swine fever virus isolate, Georgia, 2007. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008; 14(12): 1870–4. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1412.080591</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Gallardo C., Mwaengo D.M., Macharia J.M., Arias M., Taracha E.A., Soler A., et al. Enhanced discrimination of African swine fever virus isolates through nucleotide sequencing of the p54, p72, and pB602L (CVR) genes. Virus Genes. 2009; 38(1): 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-008-0293-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Lubisi B.A., Bastos A.D., Dwarka R.M., Vosloo W. Intra-genotypic resolution of African swine fever viruses from an East African domestic pig cycle: a combined p72-CVR approach. Virus Genes. 2007; 35(3): 729–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-007-0148-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Sidi M., Zerbo H.L., Ouoba B.L., Settypalli T.B.K., Bazimo G., Ouandaogo H.S., et al. Molecular characterization of African swine fever viruses from Burkina Faso, 2018. BMC Vet. Res. 2022; 18(1): 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03166-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Mazloum A., Van Schalkwyk A., Chernyshev R., Shotin A., Korennoy F.I., Igolkin A., et al. Genetic characterization of the central variable region in African swine fever virus isolates in the Russian Federation from 2013 to 2017. Pathogens. 2022; 11(8): 919. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080919 https://elibrary.ru/ojluot</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Mazur-Panasiuk N., Walczak M., Juszkiewicz M., Woźniakowski G. The spillover of African swine fever in western Poland revealed its estimated origin on the basis of O174L, K145R, MGF 505-5R and IGR I73R/I329L genomic sequences. Viruses. 2020; 12(10): 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12101094</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Shi K., Liu H., Yin Y., Si H., Long F., Feng S. Molecular characterization of African swine fever virus from 2019-2020 outbreaks in Guangxi province, Southern China. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022; 9: 912224. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.912224.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Mazur-Panasiuk N., Woźniakowski G. The unique genetic variation within the O174L gene of Polish strains of African swine fever virus facilitates tracking virus origin. Arch. Virol. 2019; 164(6): 1667–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-019-04224-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Mazloum A., van Schalkwyk A., Shotin A., Zinyakov N., Igolkin A., Chernishev R., et al. Whole-genome sequencing of African swine fever virus from wild boars in the Kaliningrad region reveals unique and distinguishing genomic mutations. Front. Vet. Sci. 2023; 9: 1019808. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1019808.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Mazloum A., van Schalkwyk A., Shotin A., Igolkin A., Shevchenko I., Gruzdev K.N., et al. Comparative analysis of full genome sequences of African swine fever virus isolates taken from wild boars in Russia in 2019. Pathogens. 2021; 10(5): 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050521 https://elibrary.ru/mwsggz</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Y., Ke J., Zhang J., Yue H., Chen T., Li Q., et al. I267L is neither the virulence- nor the replication-related gene of African swine fever virus and its deletant is an ideal fluorescent-tagged virulence strain. Viruses. 2021; 14(1): 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010053</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Kumar S., Stecher G., Li M., Knyaz C., Tamura K. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2018; 35(6): 1547–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balyshev V.M., Kurinnov V.V., Tsybanov S.Zh., Kalantaenko Yu.F., Kolbasov D.V., Pronin V.V., et al. Biological characteristics of the African swine fever virus isolated in the Russian Federation. Veterinariya. 2010; (7): 25–7. https://elibrary.ru/msrezn (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балышев В.М., Куриннов В.В., Цыбанов С.Ж., Калантаенко Ю.Ф., Колбасов Д.В., Пронин В.В. и др. Биологические свойства вируса африканской чумы свиней, выделенного в Российской Федерации. Ветеринария. 2010; (7): 25–7. https://elibrary.ru/msrezn</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Gallardo M.C., Reoyo A.T., Fernández-Pinero J., Iglesias I., Muñoz M.J., Arias M.L. African swine fever: a global view of the current challenge. Porcine Health Manag. 2015; 1: 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-015-0013-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Gallardo C., Fernández-Pinero J., Arias M. African swine fever (ASF) diagnosis, an essential tool in the epidemiological investigation. Virus Res. 2019; 271: 197676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197676</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Gap Analysis Report. Global African Swine Fever; 2018. Available at: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/np103/SymposiumWorkshopsMeetings/GARA%20Gap%20Analysis%20Report%202018%2011-11-18.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Mur L., Igolkin A., Varentsova A., Pershin A., Remyga S., Shevchenko I., et al. Detection of African swine fever antibodies in experimental and field samples from the Russian Federation: implications for control. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2016; 63(5): e436–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12304 https://elibrary.ru/xslmnr</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>OIE Terrestrial Manual. Chapter 3.8. 1. African swine fever (infection with African swine fever virus). OIE; 2019.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Gervasi V., Marcon A., Bellini S., Guberti V. Evaluation of the efficiency of active and passive surveillance in the detection of African swine fever in wild boar. Vet. Sci. 2019; 7(1): 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci70100055</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
