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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of Virology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of Virology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0507-4088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-2097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">12434</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0507-4088-179</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">rexvea</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TO VIROLOGIST’S AID</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>В ПОМОЩЬ ВИРУСОЛОГУ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Mathematical model for assessing the level of cross-immunity between strains of influenza virus subtype H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub></article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Математическая модель для оценки уровня перекрёстного иммунитета между штаммами вируса гриппа подтипа H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6273-8615</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Asatryan</surname><given-names>Marina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асатрян</surname><given-names>Марина Норайровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Med.), senior researcher epidemiological cybernetics group of the Epidemiology Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., c.н.с. группы эпидемиологической кибернетики отдела эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7425-0457</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Timofeev</surname><given-names>Boris I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимофеев</surname><given-names>Борис Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Phys.-Mat.), senior researcher D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology Division</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.ф.-м.н., с.н.с. лаборатории физиологии вирусов Института вирусологии им. Д.И. Ивановского</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8514-5174</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shmyr</surname><given-names>Ilya S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шмыр</surname><given-names>Илья Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher epidemiological cybernetics group of the Epidemiology Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н.с. группы эпидемиологической кибернетики отдела эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1934-532X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khachatryan</surname><given-names>Karlen R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хачатрян</surname><given-names>Карлен Ромикович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>master's student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент магистратуры очного формата обучения</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8518-1669</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbinin</surname><given-names>Dmitrii N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербинин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biol.), researcher, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology of Bacteria</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., н.с. отдела генетики и молекулярной биологии бактерий</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8991-8525</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Timofeeva</surname><given-names>Tatiana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимофеева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biol.), head of laboratory D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology Division</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., зав. лабораторией физиологии вирусов Института вирусологии им. Д.И. Ивановского</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7364-163X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gerasimuk</surname><given-names>Elita R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герасимук</surname><given-names>Элита Русиндапутри</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Med.), Assoc. Prof.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доц.</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3824-7061</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Agasaryan</surname><given-names>Vaagn G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Агасарян</surname><given-names>Ваагн Гагикович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher epidemiological cybernetics group of the Epidemiology Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник группы эпидемиологической кибернетики отдела эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-5347</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ershov</surname><given-names>Ivan F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ершов</surname><given-names>Иван Феликсович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher epidemiological cybernetics group of the Epidemiology Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н.с. группы эпидемиологической кибернетики отдела эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8754-8727</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shashkova</surname><given-names>Tatyana I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шашкова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biol.), senior researcher Bioinformatics group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., c.н.с. группы «Биоинформатика»</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4827-8891</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kardymon</surname><given-names>Olga L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кардымон</surname><given-names>Ольга Леонидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>head of Bioinformatics research group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>руководитель научной группы «Биоинформатика»</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0333-8117</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanisenko</surname><given-names>Nikita V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванисенко</surname><given-names>Никита Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biol.), senior researcher Bioinformatics group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., с.н.с. группы «Биоинформатика»</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6686-9011</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenenko</surname><given-names>Tatyana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семененко</surname><given-names>Татьяна Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Full Member of RANS, head Department of Epidemiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., проф., акад. РАЕН, рук. отдела эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5522-8238</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Naroditsky</surname><given-names>Boris S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Народицкий</surname><given-names>Борис Савельевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), professor, Deputy Director for research D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology Division</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., проф., зам. директора Института вирусологии им. Д.И. Ивановского</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Logunov</surname><given-names>Denis Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логунов</surname><given-names>Денис Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), Full Member of RAS, Deputy Director for research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., акад. РАН, зам. директора по научной работе</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1769-5059</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gintsburg</surname><given-names>Aleksander L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гинцбург</surname><given-names>Александр Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), Prof., Full Member of RAS, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., проф., акад. РАН, директор</p></bio><email>masatryan@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почетного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State University “Dubna”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный университет «Дубна»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Artificial Intelligence Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт искусственного интеллекта</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-07-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>68</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>252</fpage><lpage>264</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-06-14"><day>14</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Asatryan M.N., Timofeev B.I., Shmyr I.S., Khachatryan K.R., Shcherbinin D.N., Timofeeva T.A., Gerasimuk E.R., Agasaryan V.G., Ershov I.F., Shashkova T.I., Kardymon O.L., Ivanisenko N.V., Semenenko T.A., Naroditsky B.S., Logunov D.Y., Gintsburg A.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Асатрян М.Н., Тимофеев Б.И., Шмыр И.С., Хачатрян К.Р., Щербинин Д.Н., Тимофеева Т.А., Герасимук Э.Р., Агасарян В.Г., Ершов И.Ф., Шашкова Т.И., Кардымон О.Л., Иванисенко Н.В., Семененко Т.А., Народицкий Б.С., Логунов Д.Ю., Гинцбург А.Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Asatryan M.N., Timofeev B.I., Shmyr I.S., Khachatryan K.R., Shcherbinin D.N., Timofeeva T.A., Gerasimuk E.R., Agasaryan V.G., Ershov I.F., Shashkova T.I., Kardymon O.L., Ivanisenko N.V., Semenenko T.A., Naroditsky B.S., Logunov D.Y., Gintsburg A.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Асатрян М.Н., Тимофеев Б.И., Шмыр И.С., Хачатрян К.Р., Щербинин Д.Н., Тимофеева Т.А., Герасимук Э.Р., Агасарян В.Г., Ершов И.Ф., Шашкова Т.И., Кардымон О.Л., Иванисенко Н.В., Семененко Т.А., Народицкий Б.С., Логунов Д.Ю., Гинцбург А.Л.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/12434">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/12434</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> The WHO regularly updates influenza vaccine recommendations to maximize their match with circulating strains. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the influenza A vaccine, specifically its H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> component, has been low for several seasons.</p> <p><bold>The aim of the study</bold> is to develop a mathematical model of cross-immunity based on the array of published WHO hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) data.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> In this study, a mathematical model was proposed, based on finding, using regression analysis, the dependence of HAI titers on substitutions in antigenic sites of sequences. The computer program we developed can process data (GISAID, NCBI, etc.) and create “real-time” databases according to the set tasks.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Based on our research, an additional antigenic site F was identified. The difference in 1.6 times the adjusted R<sup>2</sup>, on subsets of viruses grown in cell culture and grown in chicken embryos, demonstrates the validity of our decision to divide the original data array by passage histories. We have introduced the concept of a degree of homology between two arbitrary strains, which takes the value of a function depending on the Hamming distance, and it has been shown that the regression results significantly depend on the choice of function. The provided analysis showed that the most significant antigenic sites are A, B, and E. The obtained results on predicted HAI titers showed a good enough result, comparable to similar work by our colleagues.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The proposed method could serve as a useful tool for future forecasts, with further study to confirm its sustainability.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) регулярно обновляет рекомендации по вакцинам против гриппа с целью достижения их максимального соответствия очередным циркулирующим штаммам. Тем не менее на протяжении нескольких сезонов эффективность вакцины против гриппа А, а именно её компоненты H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub>, определялась как низкая.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – разработка математической модели перекрёстного иммунитета на основании имеющегося массива опубликованных ВОЗ данных реакции торможения гемагглютинации (РТГА).</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>В настоящей работе представлена математическая модель, основанная на нахождении с помощью регрессионного анализа зависимости титров РТГА от замен в антигенных сайтах последовательностей. Разработанная нами компьютерная программа имеет возможность обрабатывать данные (GISAID, NCBI и др.) и формировать в режиме реального времени базы данных согласно поставленным задачам.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> На основе наших исследований был вычленен дополнительный антигенный сайт F. Разница в 1,6 раза скорректированного R<sup>2</sup> на подмножествах вирусов, выращенных в культуре клеток и культивируемых в куриных эмбрионах, демонстрирует обоснованность нашего решения о разделении первоначального массива данных по пассажным историям. Нами введено понятие степени гомологичности между двумя произвольными штаммами, которая принимает значение функции, зависящей от дистанции Хэмминга, и показано, что результаты регрессии существенно зависят от выбора функции. Проведённый анализ показал, что наиболее значимыми антигенными сайтами являются A, B и E. Полученные результаты прогноза титров РТГА показали достаточно хороший результат, сопоставимый с аналогичными работами наших коллег.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Предложенный метод может послужить хорошим инструментом для будущих прогнозов с дальнейшим изучением для подтверждения его устойчивости.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>influenza virus</kwd><kwd>subtype H3N2</kwd><kwd>HAI titers</kwd><kwd>cross-immunity</kwd><kwd>antigenic distance</kwd><kwd>antigenic site</kwd><kwd>Hamming distance</kwd><kwd>regression analysis</kwd><kwd>epidemiological model</kwd><kwd>immune landscape</kwd><kwd>vaccine strain</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус гриппа</kwd><kwd>подтип H3N2</kwd><kwd>титры РТГА</kwd><kwd>перекрёстный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>антигенное расстояние</kwd><kwd>антигенный сайт</kwd><kwd>дистанция Хэмминга</kwd><kwd>регрессионный анализ</kwd><kwd>эпидемиологическая модель</kwd><kwd>иммунный ландшафт</kwd><kwd>вакцинный штамм</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Russell C.A., Jones T.C., Barr I.G., Cox N.J., Garten R.J., Gregory V., et al. 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